
LIBRARY OF CONGRESS. 

Chap..r...... iDopyright No. 



UNITED STATES OF AMERICA. 



Treasure Land 



m 



r 



A STOPY 



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n 4 



vol 



E^UBLISHED BY THE 

ARIZONA ADVANCEMENT COMPANY 

TUCSOIO^RI'^ONA 

1897 




TWO COPIES RLGtiVED 



Fsrll 



Copyrighted by 

J. Geo. HiLziNGEK, Tucson, Arizona, 

1897. 




1 pi:A5ui?ES or He^^ltii 

AND.... 

T^EASUPES OE W/eALTH 

TO THE READER: 

It is said of an old writer of romance, that 
he set the church bells ringing merely because he had found 
a name for one of his heroes, and we felt equally joyous 
lohen we found a title for our booh. It is one that suits 
it admirably, for it is full of gems of fact and fancy, and 
points the way to bounteous stores of treasures of health 
and wealth that are to be had for the seeking. As the 
ignorant Turk is said to preserve every scrap of loriting 
that comes in his way, because the name of God may be 
written upon it, so do thou, O Reader, with thi» hook, for 
there may be hope of life or a life of hope in it for some 
one who shall see it. 

We make no apology for our book : it is the best we 
can give under the circumstances, and is really worth twice 
as much to the reader as the latest novel. 

We claim no more originality than does the artist who 
transfers his perceptions of natural beauty to his canvas, 
and while we court no criticism, we do not fear it. We 
only ask of those, who are always ready to decry home 
talent, that. THEY BUY A COPY TO CRITICISE. 

We thank the many friends ivho have kindly given 
us their advise and assistance in launching this venture, 
and in their generous approval we shall find our greatest 
satisfaction. 

THE PUBLISHERS. 

Tucson, Arizona, July, 1S07. 



CONTENTS. 



PAGE. 



CHAPTEK. 

I. Where and What is this Treasure Land ? 5 

II. The Story of the Sun-Kissed Land ' 15 

III. Life is Pleasant a»d Here are Treasures of Health 41 

IV. Treasures of Wealth 59 

V. A Land of Beef as well as Bullion 79 

VI. The Farmers' Paradise, or Land and Water 89 

VII. The City of Ages • 



109 



VIII. The Line City 1^1 



WiiiiRi: AMD What 

15 THI5 TpEASURI: LaND? 



Where the ruddy Colorado rushes onioard to the sea ; 
Where the Gila's seething loaters sweep along right merrily : 
Wliere the canyon's mighty fissure, and the rolling valleys He; 
V/here the kisses of the zephyrs make the swaying forests sigh- 
Tliere lies tJiis Treasure Land beneath a sunny southern sky! 
And on lier fruitful bosom, with tender passions rife, 
Lie treasures for the seeking, and tlie elixir of life. 



Where some time in the near future an effort will be made 

to annex the United States to Arizona, and in view of 

^DQ this political amalgamation, some general information 

What Is It ? respecting it will prove interesting. 

If tiie reader will refer to the most accessible geog- 
raphy, he will find the following description, or words to the same effect: 

"Arizona is bounded on the east, north and west by the United States 
of America, on the south by the Republic of Mexico, above by the 
serenest of skies and beneath by inexhaustible deposits of mineral, and 
a soil more fertile than the valley of the Nile." 

We may not follow the book precisely, as we quote from memory, 
but being on the spot, with the facts before us, we are probably nearer 
the truth than the book is. 

"The surface consists of elevated table-lands broken by lofty mountains 
and interspersed by valleys, many of which are intersected by irrigating 
canals, dotted with thriving towns, and bright with the green and gold 
of orchard, field and vineyard. Some of these vallej's are more than 
200 miles long and from twenty to forty miles wide, and more fertile 
than the far-famed valleys watered by the river Nile. One who is not 
familiar with the character of the rich soil has no conception of the 
future value of these immense valleys. In a few years the territoi-y 
will be one vast garden, excepting those portions reserved for grazing 
purposes." 

We now ask the reader to refer to the Governor's Report for 1896, and 
if a copy is not obtainable, to rely upon the faithfulness of our extracts 
from it. 

"Arizona has been called 'the sun-kissed' land and the title is well 
deserved." 



6 Treasure Land. 

We pause here to call attention to the singular appropriateness of the 
expression; the word "kissed" suggests a wealth of loving ecstasy, of 
blending harmonies, of azure skies, of shimmering eyes, balmy breath, 
the incense of flowers, and all that is sweetest in life. 

"In no other country are there so many days of sunshine, and this, 
combined with an air, pure, invigorating and free from infection, not 
only sustains and prolongs life in the human family, but creates a con- 
dition impossible to excel for the propagation and sustenance of life in 
the animal and vegetable kingdoms. It is for this reason Arizona pro- 
duces the finest horses, cattle, sheep and hogs to be found in the world. 
The earliest and finest-flavored fruits (six weeks earlier than any other 
state or territory in the Union); flowers of exquisite shape, tinged with 
the most attractive and pleasing dyes of nature, and cereals— wheat, 
barley, oats and rye— equaled nowhere else in the country. 

Its resources are without limit, its mountains are the storehouse of 
precious metals and stones, its forests the greatest in the United States, 
its plains sustain vast herds of cattle and sheep, while the valleys pro- 
duce grains and fruits that have no equal anywhere. 

Arizona possesses one of the flnest and most valuable forests in the 
world, known as the Mogollon forest, which covers an area of 10,000 
square miles, or 6,400,000 acres, being, with possibly two exceptions, 
the most extensive body of timber in the known world. 

Agriculture is rapidly becoming a great industry in this territory, 
and thousands of acres of land are being reclaimed yearly by the develop- 
ment of water for irrigation purposes. Upon this land the husbandman 
reaps a splendid return for his intelligence and industry, the land pro- 
ducing almost every product known to the temperate and semi-tropical 
zones. 

Stock raising is also being remarkably developed, and thousands of 
sheep, horses and cattle are yearly fed upon its grazing land. 

The product from the three most important industries— mining, stock 
raising and agriculture— gives an aggregate return qf $18,385,550.70, which 
of itself is a panegyric on the wealth of Arizona's resources. 

The mineral output— gold, silver, copper, lead and limestone— aggre- 
gated $13,978,263.20. 

The stock mdustry gave a return of $2,757,287.50. 

Although owing to the numerous ways by which products are trans- 
ported, it is almost impossible to obtain statistics which would show an 
accurate estimate of the amount and value of farm produce exported, yet 
a very conservative estimate will show a total return from this source 
of not less than $1,650,000. 

Our counties and cities are well governed. Our cities have a less 
number of policemen, and our court records show that fewer crimes are 
committed in this territory than in any state of the Union. 

Arizona is a most inviting field for capital and skilled labor. Her 
undeveloped resources are varied and almost without limit. Millions of 
acres of agricultural land are yet to be reclaimed by the development 
and proper storage of water. Communication by enlarged and cheaper 
railroad facilities is urgently demanded between the various points of 
the territory, that an interchange of home products between the mining 
and agricultural sections may be made. 

Many avenues of industrial life offer varied and profitable induce- 
ment for the engagement of capital and labor, and her agricultural, min- 
eral and grazing wealth should receive that attention from outside in- 
vestors which they deserve. 

Factories might also be profitably started. There are many fibrous 
grasses and plants of indigenous growth that could be used in the manu- 



IVhei-e and What is tins Treasvre Land 9 7 

facture of paper, bagging, rope, etc. In the valley of the Colorado river 
wild hemp suitable for this purpose is found in almost unlimited quantities. 

Ironwood, which grows all along the base of our mountains, is very 
hard when dry, and when polished is of a beautiful appearance. This 
wood produces a veneering of good quality, which could be made to 
supply eastern manufacturers, who now obtain their product from other 
countries. 

Arizona has within its borders a population of over 100,000, being an 
increase of 35,000 since 1S93. The people are cultured, energetic and 
enterprising; they have caused the desert to awaken with life; they have 
invaded the great forests and delved into the mountains that they might 
all pay tribute to the necessities of Arizona's modern civilization. The 
moral and social status is excellent. Our educational facilities meet 
every demand of a cultured and ambitious people. And every condition 
which we find in this splendid Territory shows every possible requirement 
for the making of a great and prosperous Commonwealth. 

The immigration is of the very best class, and Arizona numbers among 
her population representatives from all portions of our Union, and the very 
highest types of citizenship of the communities whence they emigrate. 
They are progressive and enterprising, thoroughly American in character, 
loyal to their country, and justly proud of the home of their adoption." 

"Alice in Wonderland" would lose all its charm if the 

Uq^ author failed to inform us how she reached the fairy 

realm of Fancy. 

To Get There. Arizona is a land of Wonders in a world of Fact, 

and if the reader thoroughly grasps the situation, he 

will desire to learn how this favored land can be reached from the United 

States. 

Even if it is not convenient for him to visit it himself, he may have 
some dear friend or relative for whom this sun-kissed land will mean a 
new lease of life; or he may be aweary of continual depression in the 
stock market, the oxidization of gilt-edge securities and 3 per cent, con- 
versions, and sigh for the good old ratios. If he comes to Arizona he can 
invest his money to good advantage and enjoy perfect health while his 
profits mature. There is a vital principle in our balmy ozone-laden air 
that quickens the pulse and makes man feel like a demigod. Here the 
sluggard feels new energies arise within him, the weak and debilitated 
lay aside their drugs and spring forth into the glad sunshine like young 
kids at play. 

Most of you will want to come here in comfort and with as little loss of 
time as possible, and while there is a variety of routes, the most direct, 
and naturally the most desirable way of getting here, is over the Sunset 
Route of the Southern Pacific Company, or the Atchison, Topeka & Santa 
Fe. 

This popular line of railroad extends through the 
The entire territory, east and west, and taps every important 

center. It traverses the entire length of the great Gila 
Sunset Route. valley, scene of the most stupendous irrigating schemes 

on record, and connects at Maricopa with Phoenix, thirty- 
five miles distant, in the vei-y heart of the famous Salt River valley. It 
connects at Bowie with a short line tapping the rich agricultural districts 
of Graham county and the mineral regions of Globe, and at Lordsburg with 
the road running to the famous copper mines of Clifton. It is the natural, 
direct route from Eastern cities through New Orleans and El Paso, through 
St. Louis, Fort Worth and El Paso, through Kansas City, Fort Worth and 
El Paso, or through Denver and El Paso. From the West the route is 
direct fr(jm San Francisco, through Los Angeles and Yuma. 



8 Treasure Land. 

First-class and tourist through cars ruu daily, semi-weekly and weekly 
(luring the winter season from Chicago, St. Paul, Minneapolis, St. Louis 
and Kansas City; daily the year round from New Orleans and San Fran- 
cisco, and weekly (second-class) from Washington, D. C, and Cincinnati, 
through New Orleans. 

At all times and from whatever direction, the trip is comfortable and 
exceedingly interesting. This route is the course of the now world-famed 
Sunset Limited, which has attracted the admiration of the world with its 
matchless magnificence. 

The Southern Pacific company now controls the line running from Ben- 
son, Ariz., to Guaymas, in the Mexican state of Sonora, which taps the 
greatest mineral region in the world and makes the system the most com- 
plete in the country. 

jjjg This line has also direct connection with all the im- 

portant cities of Arizona. It follows the great cen- 

A. T. & S. r. tj.ai plateau and, consequently, ensures a dry air, remark- 

J^, J^. ably even temperature, delightfully cool nights in the 

heat of summer, and in winter the rigors of the more 

northern routes are avoided. It is the great scenic route of the West, 

touching all points of interest in Colorado, Arizona and California, and is 

noted for the excellence of its service, special attention being given to the 

requirements of tourists and immigrants. 

The Origin When Shakespeare insinuated that there was very 

f tvi w f little in a name, he had no prophetic vision of the time 

01 trie Name OI when the commercial world would regard a name as one 

Arizona. of the most important matters to be considered. Any 

person who wishes to advertise a new nostrum or sell 

city lots in the wilderness, hunts up a name that will attract purchasers 

either by reason of its beauty or inexplicability. Sometimes the name 

means something, and occasionally it is merely a seductive combination of 

syllables. 

We do not know how to classify tlie name "Arizona." It certainly is 
not of Spanish origin, and our Indian scholars can not agree upon any part 
of it. It was originally applied to a place a short distance south of the 
boundary line, and was then "Arizonac." The Hon. Sam. Hughes claims 
that it is derived from two Indian words, "Ari" and "Zonae" (as nearly as 
they can be expressed by English letters), njeaning "the place of massacre 
or chastisement," the inference being that the Indians had a ti'adition to 
the effect that they Avere well punished somewhere in that section. 

There is nothing unreasonable in this explanation, but as some of our 
readers may not feel willing to accept it on account of being commonplace, 
we offer them the following romantic legend: 

jljg There is an ancient Aztec tradition that the earth is born 

, of the sky, which. Avith certain scientific explanations, ac- 

Sun-BelOVecl cords with the nebular theory, and shows us that the 

Maiden. Aztecs could make as shrewd guesses on cosmological 

matters as some of our own astronomers. There were 

giants iu those days, of course, but they did not find their environment 

satisfactory and died off, leaving the sky-born world uninhabited. 

After a while it happened that a celestial virgin, daughter of one of 
the thirteen great deities, fell into a decline (probably brought on by Myh 
living), and the court physician recommended that she be sent to the Santa 
Cruz valley, where the climate was so excellent that it was able to revive 
the gods. 

His advice was followed, and the virgin was the sole inhabitant of the 
earth until one night, while in a deep sleep, a drop of dew fell upon her, 



Where and WJiat is tin's Treasure Land ? 9 

and she bore two children, a son and a danghter, from whom have sprung 
all the dwellers upon earth. 

The name of the virgin was Arizunua, and the locality she honored with 
her earthly residence was near Tucson. The exact spot is not definitely 
known, but this uncertainty enables all who visit here to make their own 
choice, which no one can dispute. 

Naturally enough, the place where the present race of men originated 
was called after the mother of all, but as generations passed the original 
pronunciation was lost and the spelling modified. 

The meaning of "Arizuuna," as given in the ancient record from which 
we have compiled the above, is "the sun-beloved maiden," and this is what 
the modern "Arizona" should mean, anyway. 

Arizona. ^^^^ Hon. Whitelaw Reid published an interesting article 

on Arizona in the New York Tribune, of November 22, 
a Good Place ISQG, from Avhich we make the following extracts: 
to Live in. "The man who looks for either the beauty or the se- 

ductive excitement of Monte Carlo Avill not find it. As 
little will he find the historic remains of the cosmopolitan attractions of 
Egypt; nor could he reasonably expect the amusements and luxuries of our 
own Eastern cities. The people of Arizona are still chiefly busy in the 
pioneer work of subduing it to the residence and uses of civilized man. 
But it has two transcontinental lines of railway, with numerous feeders; it 
has fast mails and rival telegraph lines, and is throbbing with the intense 
life of the splendid West. The two principal towns in the southern portion 
chiefly sought for their climatic advantages, are Tucson and Phoenix. Each 
of them has ten thousand inhabitants or more. They have the electric 
light, telephones, trolley cars, plenty of hotels, banks, book stores, good 
schools, churches, an occasional theatrical performance, sometimes a lecture 
or a circus, often a horse race, and, in the spring, a thoroughly curious and 
interesting 'fiesta.' For the rest, people must take their amusements witli 
them. Good horses are abundant and cheap, and there are plenty of cow- 
boys — the genuine article — to show what horses can do. 

"You can not have the luxuries of our New York houses out there, unless 
you build one; or the variety of our New York markets, unless you charter 
a refrigerator car. But there are hotels with almost as much "frontage as 
the Waldorf; and, like everything else in the territory excepting the mount- 
ains and the deserts, they are new. There are boarding houses of more 
kinds than one; and brick cottages of eight or ten rooms can occasionally 
be rented. Better than any of them, for the man with the energy and pluck 
to take it, is a tent; and he who knows how to 'camp out' with comfort 
through September in the Adirondacks can camp out in Arizona through 
the winter. 

"As to food, there is plenty, and it is good. From here the markets of 
Los Angeles, and even of Denver, are largely supplied. Good beef, mutton 
and poultry are plenty and cheap. Quail, ducks and venison from the 
vicinity can also be had. Vegetables and fruits are abundant in their 
season, and sometimes the season is a long one. It is the one country T 
have lived in where strawberries ripen in the open air ten months in the 
year. I have had them on my table, fresh picked from the open gardens, 
at Christmas. 

"The man who goes to any considerable Arizona town with the ideas 
of the Southwest derived from novels, or from 'The Arizona Kicker,' will 
be greatly mystified. He will find as many churches as in towns of corre- 
sponding size in Pennsylvania or Ohio, and probably more school houses. 
He will find plenty of liquor shops, too, and gambling houses, and dance 
houses, and yet he will see little disorder unless he hunts late at night for 
it, and he will find a community of ten thousand people requiring in tlie 
daytime only one policeman, and very little occupation for him." 



10 



Treasure Land. 



CHAOSJEIGNS. 

The Town of Chandler, Ohio 

Turned by a Cyclone 

Into a 

VERITABLE MORGUE. 

The Dead and Dying: Hourly Aug- 
mented.— The Bi§: River Run- 
ning Wild in Mississippi. 

United States when they cain come 
safety. 



These "scare lines" are taken from 
an Arizona newspapei", but have 
nothing to do with us except to 
awaken our sympathies and cause 
us to thank God that we live in 
Arizona. 

We have no cyclones or floods, 
for while nature has been bounti- 
ful of mercies, she has been nig- 
gard of pestilence. There have been 
suggestions of earthquakes in the 
past— the echoes of seismic dis- 
turbances elsewhere— but nothing 
strong enough to stop a clock or 
force a resignation from a federal 
official. And yet some people vol- 
untarily face these perils in the 
to Arizona and live in peace and 



In no other part of the country are the people so 
Territorial democratic as in Arizona, and yet titles prevail to a 

greater extent than elsewhere. We have more colonels 
Titles. than you can find in Kentucky, every lawyer is a judge, 

every teacher a professor, and the rest of the men are 
generals and honorables. The titles are bestowed in a free and easy 
western manner. Everybody speaks to his neighbor without the cere- 
mony of an introduction, and no cards are exchanged except when they 
play poker or some other social game. If the party addressed looks able 
to bear the dignity, you call him colonel, and the title sticks; if you know 
him to be a lawyer (and you soon find out), you dub him judge, and 
there is never any mistake about a professor. The generals are ac- 
coimted for otherwise. There are a number of positions with the quali- 
fying title, such as surveyor general, attorney general, general superin- 
tendent, general agent, etc., and the dignifying portion is promptly pre- 
fixed to the surname, and the owner crowned with a military glory he 
never earned. We are also prolific of governors, for during the lest few 
administrations it has taken about three to fill out a term. We have 
heard of half a dozen majors, but strange to say, our people appear to 
resent this title unless they are obliged to assume it. We recall only three 
captains; one was a seafaring man from Maine, the other was an ex- 
officer of the army, and the third died before w^e could investigate him. 
If there are others we never met them. Every man who ever ran for 
office is entitled to be called honorable— why, we know not— and it is a 
safe address at all times. 



An eastern visitor induced a party of friends to unite in 
The Wonders ^° expedition to the southwest of Tucson for the pur- 
pose of discovering a desert, and after traveling over 
of the Desert. lOO miles they returned with brown cheeks and in- 
ordinate appetites. The leader of the party was kind 
enough to write his impressions for us as follows, and we trust that the 
publication of the facts will deter others from wasting their time and 
spoiling their complexions in the same vain pursuit: 

"Desert? There is no such thing in Arizona! It has disappeared with 
the ogres, hydra-headed monsters and other bogies that stunted our child- 
hood growth. There mny be lost mines, but there are no deserts. 

"Far away in every direction stretch grassy plains, rising and falling 



Where and Whttt is fin's Treasure Land? 11 

like vast swells of a lazy sea, aud euciicled by purple hills above which 
climb the azure peaks of mountains beyond them. Different shades of 
verdure greet the eye on every side; the six- weeks grass of a bright green, 
speckled with bright-hued flowers, i^ varied with the brown and gold 
of the galleta and gramma. We seem to be driving through endless 
meadow and vineyard, while the cawing crow flies overhead, little birds 
twitter among low-bending twigs and the grazing cattle wander hither 
and thither. The sun creeps cheerily up the eastern sky, the air is soft, 
yet bracing as an early bath, and the dyspeptic Yankees of our party 
feel that existence is a delightful fact. And at night, what a good rest 
we had! Under the bright canopy of a cloudless sky, with moonlight 
softening the scene, a crispiuess in the air that quickened every atom 
of blood and built anew all the lung cells that life's work, exposures and 
dangers had demolished or placed on the retired list! 

"Only one of the sleepers awoke before daylight; he was so green 
that a jack rabbit mistook his ear for some new food plant. Morning 
brought new life and new marvels. Great lakes, promontories, peaks, 
suspension bridges and cities with great buildings moved majestically in 
a marvelous procession across the orient for an hour or more, emphasizing 
the grandest pageant that was ever attempted. It was the desert mirage, 
aud one such spectacular exhibition is alone worth the expense and 
trouble of a journey to Arizona. If this is life on the desert, let me live 
it alwayl" t 

Pima county was the first portion of Arizona settled by 

Pima County Europeans, and is one of the oldest political divisions of 

the territory, having been organized by the first legis- 

the First. lature in 1864. Its original boundaries took in the whole 

of Cochise county and portions of Pinal and Graham. 

It is still of fair size, being about 180 miles in length from east to west, 

with a width of eighty miles at its eastern end, which is maintained for 

seventy miles, when it gradually decreases to twenty miles on the western 

end. 

It derives its name from the Indian tribe known as Pinias, who were 
found within its borders by the Spaniards, and formed part of what was 
known to them at first as Pimeria and later as Papagueria. 

The western portion of the county, bordering the line of the Mexican 
state of Sonora, is a series of wide, rolling plains, with detached mountains 
and isolated peaks. These moimtains are rocky and rugged, the plains 
covered with grass and shrubs and in some places with mesquite and 
stunted native timber. Surface water is generally scarce, and did not 
every mountain, peak and butte contain rich deposits of the precious 
metals, the natural attractions would be few. 

South of Tucson the county is made up of grassy plains, rolling hills 
and lofty mountains. East, to the line of Cochise, it is of similar char- 
acter, while to the north the horizon is filled with the massive chain 
of the Santa Catalinas. South and east the county is crossed by the 
Santa Rita, Patagonia, Whetstone and Atascoso ranges, and is one of 
the most delightful portions of Arizona. The mountains are clothed with 
verdure, and the valleys and glens afford the finest grazing to be found 
in the West. 

Water is seldom wanting, and the valleys of the Sta. Cruz, Sonoita, 
Rabacomari, Sopori and Arivaca are not exceeded for beauty and fer- 
tility. In the Santa Rita, Santa Catalina and Patagonia mountains are 
many lovely vales, and the climate is simply perfect, even during the 
hottest days of summer. 

The Santa Cruz river flows through the county from its source in the 
Patagonia range to the boundary of Maricopa; the Sonoita is one of it' 



12 Treasure Land. 

tributaries in the south and carries quite a volume of water. The Rillito, 
which receives the waters of the Pantano Cienega, enters the Santa Cruz 
just below Tucson. The Arivaca and Sopori creeks are ever-running 
streams, and water can be obtained at moderate depths all over the east- 
ern part of the countj'. 

Thirty per cent, of the land of Pima county can be successfully irri- 
gated and reclaimed by a system of ditches, sub-drainage pipes and res- 
ervoirs for water storage at a reasonable outlay, and hundreds of acres 
thus added to the cultivable area, at an average cost of reclamation of 
$ti per acre. Wheat, barley, oats, alfalfa, hay, corn, sorghum, tobacco, 
potatoes, peas, beans, beets, all kinds of vegetables, fruit, etc., can be 
produced on these lands. The yield of wheat, barley and oats will be 
from thirty-five to forty bushels per acre; corn, from forty to sixty 
bushels; hay, three tons, and alfalfa, five to seven tons. 

There are 130 miles of irrigation ditches in the county, largely sit- 
uated in the Santa Cruz, Sonoita and Rillito valleys. The aggregate cost 
of building same is estimated at $150,000. A new ditch, seven miles in 
length, was recently taken from the Santa Cruz, north of the town of 
Tucson, and about 1,500 additional acres put under cultivation. The ir- 
rigation capacity of all the canals in the county is estimated at 12,000 
acres. 

The population is estimated at 20,000, or one-fifth of the total popula- 
tion of the territory, and at least one-tenth of these are actively engaged 
in mining. 

The average rainfall is about thirteen inches, the heaviest precipita- 
tion occurring generally in the months of July and November. 

There are about 1,000.000 acres of surveyed land in the county, with 
filings on only 86,000. 

At a conservative estimate there are about 175 mines being operated 
in Pima county. The principal ones produce gold, silver, copper, lead 
and iron ores. There are also quarries of marble, building stone and lime- 
stone. 

Gold and silver bullion and placer gold were extracted from mines in 
Pima county aggregating, probably, $500,000. 

The base bullion produced of gold, silver, copper and lead ore, and 
shipped by railroad to eastern smelters and refiners, exceeds 1,500 tons, 
and in ingot copper and matte, about 500 tons. 

The Tucson Mining and Smelting Company (a small copper plant 
operated by foreign capital near Tucson) received for the fiscal 
year ended June 30, 189G, 2,200,000 pounds of ore and shipped 262,751 
pounds of copper bullion and 228,548 pounds of matte. 

The Empire Mining and Smelting Company has lately erected a 100- 
ton lead-silver smelter near Crittenden, which will be enlarged at an early 
date. 

The principal towns are Tucson, Nogales, Arivaca, Oro Blanco, Crit- 
tenden and Ilarshaw. 

The assessed value of all property in the county is $4,000,000, but this 
can not be taken to represent more than 40 per cent, of the true value. 
The erroneous idea of under-valuation of property and comparatively higli 
rate of taxation prevails here, as in most other new countries. The highest 
county and territorial tax rate is $3.50 per $100, being a trifle over $2 on 
a, just valuation. 

Two main lines of railroad cross the county, the Southern Pacific and 
Sonora road, which latter runs from Benson to the seaport of Guaymas, 
on the Gulf of California. These have other connections, which, while 
they do not properly belong to a description of Pima county, feed its 
commerce. 



Where and What is this Treasure Laud? 13 

Tar&ntulilS Some of our very credulous visitors pass the first few 

. weeks of their residence here in a state of feverish ex- 

" citement that seriously interferes with the complete en- 

RattlCSnakes. joyment of our wonderful climate. They mistake the 

cheerful chirp of the cricket for the whirr of rattles, and, 

imder the influence of an excited imagination, a common, every-day New 

England cockroach becomes anything from a pterodactyl to a dinosaurus. 

They miss the familiar domestic pests which frequently invade the 
boudoirs of the pleasant East; they find none of the nimble fleas that wor- 
ried them in California, and the voice of the mosquito is hardly ever 
heard in the land. 

Curiosity succeeds dread, and they crave for a glimpse of the deadly 
monsters of the arid regions, and want to be introduced to the fiei-y perils 
of the trackless deserts. They are willing to endure the lack of domestic 
vermin and mosquitoes, but can not return East without interviewing a 
few tarantulas and rattlesnakes. Then we show them some specimens of 
our choicest varieties (which we keep in alcohol for this purpose), and they 
wearily exclaim: "We have bigger than these at home." 

It is a sad blow to our local pride to have to face this fact, and if the 
pressure continues we shall be compelled to import soiue vermin from the 
East in order to maintain our reputation and satisfy the morbid cravings of 
health-seekers. Still, we can not be the first in everything! 

Speaking soberly, a man may live in Arizona a year or more and see 
nothing more venomous than a cockroach or a cricket, unless he invades 
the saloons. If he goes out hunting in the foothills of the Sierras or tra- 
verses the grassy mesas, he may encounter a tarantula or a rattlesnake, but 
they will avoid him if they can, as they are not of social dispositions and 
prefer to meditate in solitude. Should he see any, he will compare them, 
with respect to size and beauty, with those he has met elsewhere, and 
wonder how we achieved our reputation. He will also learn that they have 
less venom, or a poorer quality, than those found in moist, hot regions, such 
as South Carolina and Florida, and their bite is only fatal when an excess 
of antidote is imbibed. 

We hate to disappoint our friends, but, really, we are compelled to 
puncture the prevailing idea that Southern Arizona is a desert inhabited 
by rattlesnakes and tarantulas. The only deserts we can refer the traveler 
to are in Mexico, tAVo hundred miles away. We have not personally in- 
spected them, and therefore can not state positively how much vivid imag- 
ination or other stimulants will be required to produce the best results. 

The following story is introduced solelj^ to mitigate the effect of our 
iconoclastic remarks and has no moral worth mentioning. The narrators 
were introduced to us as "Honest Jim of Pantano and A Friend." We pre- 
sume that it was A Friend's particular business to verify Jim's affidavits 
and make it unnecessary for him to require change for a quailer. 

The Tarantula "The finest taranchula I ever seen was at Lyin' gulch, in 
the Santa Ritas. I was samplin' some likely croppin's 

and the when I heard a spat and a whirr like as if a mountain 

Mountain Lion. ^^^^ ^^''^'^ aroun', so I clum up a boulder an' waited. 

It was a lyin sure enough— about the size of a three- 
year-old steer— an' he squatted just below, glarin' at me as if I'd jumped 
liis claim. Very soon he rose up an' swung his tail backwards an' for- 
wards, an' then back again, till it was movin' easy, an' come for me. 

I stuck my toes into the rock an' hung head down, till the lyin had 
made his jump, an' then resoomed my seat an' offered to bet him the 
drinks he couldn't do it again. 

This made him swish his tail swisher than ever, an' it struck again' a 
rock an' hurt itself, which made him so bilin' mad that he made another 
play for me just as I got down again. 



14 Treasure Lavrh 

This racket kep' repeatin' so long that my toes were about worn out 
cliggin' into the boulder, but just as I was about givin' up, a tarauchula, 
about a foot high, came out to sun himself and intervoo the neighbors, 
an' the lyin's tail caught him right in the jaw before he could put up 
his hands, so to speak. 

The taranchula was madder than two wet hens an' couldn't speak for 
cussin', but he clings on to that tail like a pipe-wrench. 

Now, the lyin had been jumpin' backwards an' forwards an' back 
again so much that he couldn't stop himself; so he just kept sailin' 
through the air while the tarauchula bit and bit till the pizen begins to 
work an' the lyin to swell. 

I got off my perch and rolled over on the groun', laffin' so hard that 
I couldn't see; an' the lyin kept swellin' and swellin' till he swoll so 
much that he floated off in the air like a balloon, clear out of sight, with 
the taranchula still hanging on to his tail." 

"That j^arn wouldn't be much with the lyin left out," remarked A 
Friend, in a deep tone of voice; "but it's true as gospel, for I finally 
landed that tarantla myself. I was out huntin' that same day an' saw 
wliat I took to bp a large eagle flyin' above me. It was so far off I could 
hardly see it, but I took a shot for luck. It fell about a mile off, an' when 
I reached the object it was a tarantla as big as a Californy mule. Gen- 
tlemen, I reckon that was Jim's tarantla, an' he'd swallered the lyin to got 
l)ack his pizen, so's lo be able to continner business at the old stand." 




Tilt: STOl?^^ or riiiz 



Sun-Kls.sizd Land. 



ffTJ^ 




Rtjins of Casa Grande. 



What is the ancient story of the land ? 
Can crumbling tower and mouldering ruin tell — 
Wide furrowed plains and miles of broad canal — 
The hill forts and the niches in the cliff's f 
Lost is the ancient story, and we give 
The modern history of men ivho reared 
New cities, and re-plowed the weedy fields. 
And new aligned the old canals. 



16 



Treasure Ijiml. 



rill: riRST CXPLOPIiRS. 





The reader having now located Ari- 
zona with reasonable certainty, will be 
curious to learn something of its early 
history, and in the following pages we 
shall endeavor to give him some in- 
formation on the subject. 

Setting aside as unprofitable all 
speculations respecting the ancient in- 
habitants, the history begins from the 
advent of Europeans, and is full of ro- 
mance. 

In June, 1527, Panfilo de Narvaez 
set sail from Spain with a fleet of five 
ships and a force of GOO men, and, 
after several disasters, was driven 
by a storm to the western coast of 
Florida. He landed with 300 men and 
forty horses and proceeded inland, 
while the fleet folloAved the coast, the 
forces expecting to remiite thereafter. 
They never met, however, for after 
many perilous adventures only four of 
the land expedition survived, and these crossed the continent, passing 
through the southeastern corner of Arizona, and finally reaching the Span- 
ish camps on the coast of the Gulf of California. 

One of this baud of bold adventiu'ers was a negro slave, Estevanico, and 
to him belongs the honor of being one of the earliest explorers of the 
southern portion of the present United States. His subsequent history 
proves him to have been a man of high intelligence and enterprise, and as 
fearless and ambitious as any of the cavaliers who carried the banner of 
Spain through the wilderness of the New World. He was an honor to his 
race, and the colored citizens of this republic should perpetuate his memory, 
and we suggest a monument in Central park. New York. 

The negro, Estevanico, afterwards became the property of the Viceroy 
of Mexico, and, no doubt, influenced his master to form projects for the 
further exploration of the great Northwest. 

In 1538 a party, accompanied by Father Juan Olmedo, made an expedi- 
tion to the north and returned with reports of the wonderful wealth and 
civilization of the inhabitants, but Avas unable to reach the famous seven 
cities of Cibola, the people of which were said to be as civilized and opu- 
lent as the Aztecs. 

The first organized effort was made by Father Marcos de Niza, chief of 
the Franciscans at Culiacan, which place he left on March 7, 1539, being 
accompanied by the negro, Estevanico. and a number of the natives. 

The party proceeded northward through the present Mexican state of 
Sonora and halted at Bacapa, in the Santa Cruz valley, near the present 
site of Tucson. Bacapa, or, as it was afterwards called, Bac. was a settJc- 
ment of considerable size and well provided with provisions. Here the 
negro was sent ahead to explore the way, and, sending back favorable re- 
ports. Father Niza proceeded onward, following the Santa Cruz to the In- 
dian settlements on the Gila river. 

Meanwhile the adventurous negro pushed onward, ambitious to be the 
first to penetrate the secrets of the far-famed cities of Cibola, designing, 
perhaps, to cmulatje the achievements of Cortez, At every important land- 
mark he erected wooden crosses to point the way for those who followed, 
or he sent back messengers with crosses in their hands to clieer the Father 
and his weary companions. 



Tlic Sfi)i\i/ of flic Shu- Kissed Land. 17 

A( l.-ist he reached the yoal of his hopes, but the Cibohxns expected no 
god of his color, and killed him and several of his followers. 

The remaining- members of the pioneer party hurried back to Father 
Niza to warn him of the danger ahead and recount the fate of their com- 
panions; but the fearless Franciscan calmed their troubled minds and, re- 
lying on the power of the cross, hurried forward and soon obtained a 
glimpse of one of the great cities, which appeared to him to be richer and 
more populous than Mexico. 

According to the custom of those days, he set up a cross and solemnly 
took possession of the country for the crown of Spain, and then took the 
shortest route home before the new subjects could realize what had hap- 
pened them. 

According to his sworn statement, duly made to the proper authorities, 
it was a marvelous country, and he regretted that he did not feel able to 
paint the wonders he had seen in colors sufiiciently glowing. 

Cortez, and some other skeptical or envious persons, Avere of the opinion 
that Father Niza seriously fractured the truth for political purposes, but 
the country he traversed is in evidence to sustain his veracity, and if the 
cities of Cibola did not eventually come up to his expectations, he should 
not be blamed. 

According to some accounts, the murder of Estevanico was provoked 
by his flirtations with some of the leading ladies of Cibola, which aroused 
the jealous ire of their lords; but this is probably a fiction, invented by 
envious cavaliers to mar the luster of his fame. Had he been a white man, 
it Avould never have been mentioned. Even if it be true, the fact does not 
detract from his reputation as a daring explorer, and he only mildly emu- 
lated the gallant conquerors of Mexico. 

Father Niza's efforts in the exploration line were evidently appreciated 
by the church, for he was shortly afterwards appointed Provincial of the 
Franciscans. Probably he thought solely of the souls to be saved, and 
knowing that the cavaliers could only be influenced to conquer by induce- 
ments of wealth, inserted some prize packages in his narrative. Let this 
be as it may, his account was finally conceded to be as reliable as others 
of the kind, and in 1540 an expedition Avas sent out, under Coronado, to 
A'erify his affidavits. 

The party consisted of 300 Spaniards and SOO Indians, Niza accompany- 
ing Coronado AA'ith an advance guard, and the main bodj^ following at some 
distance. 

Coronado generally followed the route taken by Niza, passing up the 
Santa Cruz valley to Bac, AAdiich he also found populous and thriving, and 
reaching the Casa Grande on the Gila, AAiiich he described as "a great red 
house in ruins." 

The explorers met AA'ith opposition from the Cibolans, but finally sub- 
dued the country, and AA'ere disappointed Avhen they found nothing but 
agricultxu-al settlements, and none of the opulence they had looked for. 

Father Niza, hoAA-cA'er, was quite satisfied. The country had been sid)- 
jected to Spanish dominion, and the church could now do the rest. Mis- 
sionaries were placed along the route to inaugurate the good work, and re- 
mained at their stations after Coronado's army practically abandoned the 
country, in 1.542. They founded several settlements in the Santa Cruz val- 
ley, and continued with the natives even when their connection with the 
government in Mexico Avas severed. Among others, the settlement in the 
vicinity of Tucson AA-as permanently established under the name of Bac or 
Bacapa; and Avhen, after several generations had passed, a neAV crusade 
began, the missionaries of the seventeenth century found the Indians at 
Bac fiUly prepared for the work, and churches arose, as if by magic, all 
along the valley. 

It is true that until the latter half of the seventeenth century there is 
little record of the doings of the Spaniards in Arizona, and for this reason 



J8 Treasure IaiikI. 

it has boen assmnod that iiuthing was done. The absence of rccoids ac- 
cessible to tlie liistoriau is to be regretted, but tlie fact does not prove tliat 
I here was notlnng to record. We know that for certain periods, during the 
first lialf of the present century, the records are so insiguiticant that it 
might be argued that the country was abandoned; but it was not, for men 
wlio were alive witlnn the hist few years knew to the contrary. 

The IMcacho de Metates, Avest of Tucson; the turquoise mines in the Sil- 
ver Belle district and elsewhere, were known to the Aztecs, as also ils min- 
eral w^ealth. The ruins of the settlements of the ancient miners are still 
in evidence; the rock carvings near them are of an entirely different char- 
acter from those found in other parts of Arizona, being for the most part 
astronomical symbols. 

The Spaniards on the frontier had no incentive to furnish information 
to the otticial cormorants of Mexico, who conliscated every revealed ti'eas- 
ure, and hence, when the church or laity stumbled on a good thing, they 
kept their own counsel. There is, too. every reason to believe that it was 
no more unusual then than it has been since, for the common Spaniard, the 
rank and tile, to amalgamate with the Indians, especially with such peace- 
ful tribes as those inhabiting the fertile valleys of Southern Arizona. 

The antagonism between the members of the Franciscan and Jesuit 
orders may account for the absence of some of the records required to com- 
plete the history of settlement, and the acts of hostile Indians must also be 
considered. 

AVheu the Jesuits arrived they were not so well acquainted with the 
conditions as those who preceded them, and their mining operations 
were soon, apparently, paralyzed by the extravagant claims of the king of 
Spain, whose "royal patrimony" was held to cover all mineral treasures. 
Silver mining was, consequently, abandoned, this metal being too bulky 
to smuggle through the lines of hungry otticials; but gold was found to be 
Just as valuable and more easily concealed. The church and laity, therefore, 
were compelled to adopt a gold standard, and exploited this metal wherever 
it could be found. 

The writer has visited several ancient mines, the ore of which carried 
both metals, one or other predominating, and noted with some curiosity 
that it had been carefully separated, the portions richest in silver being 
left on the dump; and when this metal predominated across the whole vein, 
work was invariably abandoned. 

The appearance on the scene of Father Fnsebius Knhn. or Kino, as he 
is usually called, revived missionary interest in Arizona. Kino was born in 
the Austrian province of Tyrol, and was educated partly at the University 
of Ingoldstadt. in Bavaria. After a serious illness he adopted the name of 
Francisco, and vowed to devote his life to the conversion of American 
lii'allien. lie was a mathematician and astronomer, and remarkably en 
dowed with virtue and intelligence. He pro1>al)ly joined the Ji'snil order 
in California, about 1084. 

He reached the Held of his future labors in KIST, and five years later 
visited the Santa Cruz valley, passing by the Santa llita mountains and 
through the settlements of Tubac and Tucson. The narrative of his .jour- 
ney speaks of settlements already founded, although there was no record 
at the time showing the previous presence of missionaries in the country!— a 
most remarkable contirmation of our vieAVS. 

In 1(1J>4 Fathers Kino and Mange made a tour of inspection, regular 
missions having been establislied during the previous three or four years 
at Guevavi. San Cayetano, Timiacacori and San Xavier del Bac. Father 
Kino gave glowing reports of the condition of the country as a field fm- 
missionary work, but failed to secure any hearty cooperation. His ze;'l 
never relaxed, however, and his labors continued unremittingly until lie 
died, in 1711. 



The Story of the Sun -Kissed Laud. I'J 

Jljg These ruins, of which we give an illustration on the 

title page, are situate in the Casa Grande valley, about 

Case Grande seventy-Uve miles nt)rthwest of Tucson, and are re- 

Ruins. garded as the most interesting remains of the prehistoric 

age found on this continent. 

The front of the main building measures sixty feet and forty-three 
feet wide. The first story is thirteen feet high; the second, nine feet; 
third and fourth, eight feet, 'i'he greater part of the upper story has dis- 
appeared. The walls are between four and live feet thick and the material 
of which they are constructed is almost indestructible concrete, made of 
tine gravel, sand and cement, closely resembling granotitsic now used in 
AVashington. The walls, both inside and outside, are plastered with ce- 
ment, which clings to them with Avonderful tenacity, on the inside being 
smooth and glossy, as the best hard-tinished interiors of the present day. 

The lower story is nearly filled up with crumbling debris and drifting 
sand of the plains. The holes in whii-li the ceiling timbers Avere placed 
are plainly visible, but every particle has been carried away by relic 
hunters, and the disintegration of the walls has been so rapid of late 
years that if measures are not immediately taken to strengthen them, 
the whole structure will fall into a shapeless ruin. 

For miles around the mysterious Casa Grande, mounds, now hardly 
distingtiishal)le from the desert sands, bear indisi)utable evidence of hav- 
ing been at some remote period, adobe sti'uctures. 

The most ancient traditions of the Pimas and Papagos, who yet live 
here where their fathers lived for centuries, alluded to them as "ruins." 
The earliest historic record we have of the Casa Grande was given by 
the famous Spanish cavalier and explorer, Cabeza de Yaca. who discovered 
it dui-ing his joui-ney across the continent about 1537. A few years latei", 
the famous explorer, Don Francisco de Coronado. who led an expedition 
into rs'ew Alexico. states tliat the Pima Indians had no knowledge of the 
origin or history of the town which they believed had existed there. It 
had always been ruins to them and to their ancestors. Kino and Mange, 
who A'isited there in 1694, also gave an account of twelve other ruins in 
the Aicinity. leather Pedro Faut. in 1777, found them in much the same 
condition. He describes the main building as an oblong square, facing 
the cardinal points of the compass, the exterior wall extending from north 
to south 430 feet, and from east to west 320 feet. 

The theory has been advanced that the Aztecs, whose 
Ancient civilization culminated in the Valley of Mexico, passed 

through Arizona, leaving behind them, at different points. 
Fortifications. members of their tribes Avhose faith was weak or wlio 

were unfitted otherwise to be factors in the evolution 
of a great nation. This theory accounts for the records of ancient civiliza- 
tion found on all our hills and in all our valleys. Southern Arizona was 
Jit one time densely populated: this must have been before the segregation 
of the higher tyjx'S who afterwards founded the Aztec empire overthrown 
l)y the Spaniards. After the lapse of years, perhaps centuries, other seg- 
regations took place, and the Zuni and Mo(iui civilizations were founded. 
These were the more advanced spirits, and those left behind may be re- 
garded as the refuse of the ancient race, who lacked alike energy to 
move and the courage to maintain themselves against the incursions of a 
savage race, which had for a long time threatened them with annihila- 
tion. Cultivation of the soil Avas neglected, the AA'onderful storage reser- 
voirs and extensive canals left them as a heritage were filled by the 
Avinds Avith the dust of um-egarded fields, and the huge temples, gran- 
aries and homes of their race Avere abandoned to the Apache marauder. 
The struggle for existence and the assaults of their enemies depleted their 



20 Trcdsiirt' IaiiuJ. 

nniks ;iii(l cnusi'd tlicm to lose the memory of the vniiisluHl civiliziiCKiii 
I hey had shai'ed. Ntnv wants and conditions moditicd tlieir forms and 
features and even oliansed tlieir language, so that their descent can only 
be traced circumstantially. 

Dui'ins: this period of disintegration, every hill became a fort and every 
]»eak a watch-toAver; the first for defense, and the second in order to give 
the trembling laborers in the fields timely warning of the approach of 
enemies. 

Hence nearly everj' hilltop in Soidhern Arizona is found to be walled 
with circles of stone, sometimes from base to summit, a precaution that 
shows the acuteness of the struggle for existence. On the Saddle mount- 
ain, west of Tucson, there are seven circles of fortification and the ruins 
of rough habitations on the siunmit. Sentinel peak Avas used as a watch 
tower, and tires Avere built to give Avarning of danger. In the Sierrita 
mountains avc find on Ihe crest of Santo Donungo, not only rough forlilicn 
tions. but a line of stone buildings, ai)i)arenlly designed to shelter the fam 
dies of the tribesmen. These Avere probably stored Avith Avater and ])rovis 
ions at conveliient seasons, and became a place of common refuge durini; 
times of trouble. 

Ja\ss than a mile from the center of Tucson, on the west 

Indian ^^^"^ ^^ *^^^ A^alley, reached by a shady lane through 

fields, gardens and orchards, is a dark coloi'ed hill cov- 
RoCk Carvingf. ered Avith rocks throAvn up in Titanic heaps, called the 
Picachn dc Mctates. 

Here the ancient people found a peculiar lava stone, sonorous as iron 
and as durable as steel, fi'om which they manufactured the mctates and 
iiKUKis used in grinding corn. 

These Avere shipped to all parts of the country, and there is every I'ea- 
son to supiiose that the Aztecs drcAV their supply largely from this point. 

That the manufacture of these necessary implements Avas cai'ried on 
extensively at one time is proven by the abundance of chips, and the ciu'i- 
ous searcher Avill frequently find half finished stones, abandoned because 
of defective material. 

The surface of the I'ock is, apparently, calcined to a d(>ep iron purple, 
l)ut beneath the crust the material is a bluish grey color. All over the hill 
there are rocks carved Avitli grotesque figures cut by the ancient Avorkers, 
some of them so faint Avith age as to be harely decipherable. . 

The Avriter copied a number of these "paintings," as they are errone 
ously called, and believing that they were intended to convey some mean- 
ing, spent a considerable time in seeking their interpretation. 

'I'he result of his labors is giA'cn in this section, and, if he is correct in 
his readings, they sIioav a depth of thought and [xiwer of observation far 
beyond wiiat Ave miglit have expected of the primitive people who made 
them. 

This might be mistaken for an individual making 
antics before a mirror, or a progenitor of the modern pugilist 
overcoming the resistance of a bag of wind. The object to 
the left is neither a mirror nor a wind-bag ; it is a sworn 
statement intended to defeat the election of some ainl)itionK 
chief, and the party to the right is evidently breaking liis 
back in an effort to make a truthful affidavit The modern 
Arizonian is noted for the number and strength of his 
affidavits under similar circumstances, and is i= strange to 
find that this method of lying has the seal of anticiuity. and 
is, we might say, native to the soil. 




The Stoi-i/ of flic ,S'/n/-A'/.s.s.srf Laud. 



21 



^be ®IC) flDissions. 

Cliff dwellings and other evidences of prehistoric races that exist in 
Arizona invoke idle speculation, but the desolate and crumbling temples 
built by the early t'atliers awaken a lively sympathy and admiration. 
I'he devotion and enterprise of these spiritual pioneers, who arrived 
with the cross and invaded the homes of the savages to extend the do- 
minion of the church, command our respect, and inspire ns, not with spec- 
ulative wondei', i)ut Avith real interest. 

They lived almost within the memory of man, and the fruit of tlieii' 
industry and zeal has outlived the devastation of savagery and time. Their 
temples were raised to an ever-living God; the rites they practiced in the 




Olu Missions: 1. 



Ruins of Sail .\gustin, uear 'i'ucso: 
San Xavier, near Tucson. 
Ruins of Tumacacori. 
Altar of San Xavier. 



wilderness still move the faithful heart, and the holy doctrines tlu>y taught 
rontinue to smooth the path of life and lay the foundations for eternity! 

The mission ruins give their own history, as the upheaved strata of 
the (>artli record the geological changes w^orked by Time. 

The crumbling walls, the tottei'ing towers, and facades rudely sculp- 
tured, are monuments to the indnstiy of the vanished devotec^s; the sacred 
(•n»ss, emblem of the faith and hojie they worked nnd lived foi'. still crowns 
the white basilica, and mutely claims the adoration of the passing vdtiucnt: 
the ill-defined niches along the caving walls once served as sainted shrines, 
before which the half-tamed savages were taught to bow the knee; along 



22 TrciiSKic Land. 

the acequlu's broken banks, trees foreign to the clime bend Ioav and whisper 
to the passing breeze tlieir memories of the lives of those who nnrtured 
them. Behind the pile of cnnnbling -walls and towers rest the mortal re- 
mains of those that bnilt. adored or served— the builders, and that which 
they built, are side by side in death and ruin! The soul-inspired clay is 
resolved into its elements, and the thing of beauty that it made is press- 
ing back to the earth that it sprung from at the command of mind! But 
the work Avas not all in vain, for nothing is in vain. The preacher spoke 
falsely when he said "All is vanity," for vanity is only in the minds of 
men. Acts live for ever and build Timi' and Eternity. The Fathers per- 
formed their allotted work, and that work still iives, though a century has 
passed since the mission bells echoed up the canons to the hills, bidding 
the laborer cease his toil and water the germ of an immortal hope! 

"Father Kino reached Sonora in ISTJT, and by 1690 had es- 
The First tabllshed four missions. 

The residents of the Santa Cruz valley were so urgent 
Missions. in their demands for missionary service, and the Held 

was so inviting, that the mission of Guevavi, at the head- 
waters of the Santa Cruz river, was foiuided, shortly followed by one at 
Tumacacori, near Tubac, and then another at San Xavier, near Tucson. 
The lirst chiu'ch built at San Xavier Avas a small and modest adobe build- 
ing, hastily erected to meet the wants of the new mission. The fragments 
of records found in the church give an idea of the population that lived in 
the vicinity, by the nundier of baptisms Avhich were yearly administered 
from 1720 to 1767. This i)opulation must have been considerable. The rec- 
ords show that twenty-two Jesuit missionaries successively administered at 
San Xavier between the dates mentioned, the last of which was that of 
their expulsion by the Spanish government. 

This mission Avas one of the most flourishing until 1751, when the In- 
dians revolted, being instigated bj^ an Indian called Luis, from Saric. who 
pretended to be a wizard of marvelous power. 

The missions that escaped complete ruin during the revolt, which lasted 
four years, were hardly started again Avhen the Jesuits were expelled. 
The Franciscan, Father Garcez, found San Xavier in a pitiable condition, 
but by his great frugality and apostolic virtues, he gained the love and 
confidence of his flock. 

In 1768 the church of San Agustin del Tucson was founded. Th(> 
church itself has entirely disappeared, but a remnant of the residence of the 
priests, the workshops and granaries, still remains, a mouldering pile of 
brown ruins on the edge of the river, ten minutes' walk frcjm Tucson. 
This was sometimes called the Church of the Holy Infant. The date of its 
foundation Avas lately discovered in ou3 of the records in the government 
archives at Ilermosillo, Mexico. 

The erection of the present San Xa^'ier church Avas begun in 1783 and 
finished in 1797, the date appearing on one of the doors of the structiu'e. 
This is furtlier confirmed by the testimony of a Xvw old people avIio as- 
sisted at the dedication. 

The brothers Jaimas had charge of the construction, as Ave are in- 
formed, and they afterAvards superintended the erection of similar struc- 
tures at Tumacacori and Caborca; Init the fathers themselves, as Avell as 
the lay brothers, niiist have contributed somewhat to the adornment of the 
edifice. No mention, hoAvever, is made of any of their names on the 
records extant." 

This illustrates a domestic tragedy and assures us that 
the corporal punishment of youth was early recegnized as an 
educational factor. 




The Stoni of the Sun-Kissed Laud. 23 

The youth was ovideutly seized in the act of commissioia and kicks 
and struggles in his effort to avoid chastisement. The abnormal develop- 
ment of the head expresses the openness of featui-e observed in modern 
(■hildren in like circiimstances, and was the only method by which the rock- 
defacing artist could depict the yells! 

Polygamy prevailed at the period, and the adult figures represent two 
of the child's mothers. 

The instrument of torture carried by the one to the right is a common 
switch torn from a convenient bush, while the other displays an instrument 
resembling a boot-jack. It is, however, a contri%ance used by the Indians 
on their hunting expeditions, the prey being caught alive and then choked 
to death between the forks, as needed. 

Description of "'I'he site is well chosen, with a broad swec^p of plain and 
.. j^. . <- valley, hemmed in by puri)lG moiuitains. The church, as 

tne iUlSSlOn OI ^an be seen by its arches, surpassing the semicircle, and 
San Xavier. the ornamental work in low relief which covers the fiat 
surfaces of some parts of its walls, belongs to the Moor- 
ish stjMe. 

Over the rnins of a wall of brick and stone we enter the atrium, an en- 
closure 0Gx33 feet, which separates the chnrcli from the plaza and was used 
as a place for meetings relating to matters not directly connected witli 
religion. 

Un the frontispiece, which shows the width of the church with its \\\o 
towers, is placed, in low relief, the coat-of-arms of the order of St. Francis 
of Assisi. It consists of an escutcheon, with a Avhite ground filled in with 
a tAvisted cord, and a cross on which are nailed one arm of our Savior 
and one of St. Francis, representing the union of the disciple Avitli the 
Divine Master in charity and the love of suffering. The arm of our Lord 
is bare, while that of St. Francis is covered. On the right side of the 
escutcheon is the monogram of Jesus, the Savior of men, and that of the 
Klessed Virgin Mary on the left. The frontispiece was surmounted by a 
life-size statue of St. Francis, which is now nearly demolished by the hand 
of time. 

The church, which is built of stone and brick, is 105x27 feet inside the 
walls. Its form is that of a cross, the transept forming on each side of 
the nave a chapel of twenty-one feet sipiare. The church has only one 
nave, which is divided into six portions, marked by as many arches," eacli 
one resting on two pillars, set against the walls. Above the transept is a 
cupola of about fifty feet in elevation, the remainder of the vaults in tht^ 
church being only about thirty feet high. 

Going from the front door to the main altar, there is on the right hand 
side wall a fresco representing the coming of the Holy Ghost upon the 
disciples. Opposite to it is the picture, also in fresco, of the Last Supper. 
Both paintings measure about 9x5 feet. 

In the first chapel to the right hand of the two altars, one facing the 
nave with the image of our "Lady of Sorrows," standing at the foot of a 
large cross, which is deeply engraved in the wall, and the other one with 
the image of the Immaculate Conception. In the same chapel are two 
frescoes representing Our Lady of the Rosary and the hidden life of our 
Savior. The opposite chapel is also adorned with two altars. One of them 
is dedicated to the I'assion of our Lord, and the other to St. Joseph. There 
are also two paintings, the subjects of which are Our Lady of the Pillar 
and The Presentation of Our Lord in the Temple. 

The main altar, which stands at the head of the church, facing the nave. 
is dedicated to St. Francis Xavier, the patron saint the Jesuits had chosen 
for the first church they had established in the mission. Al»ove the image 
of St. Francis Xavier is that of the Holy Virgin: lietwecii the statues of Si. 



24 TreasKir Laud. 

I'eter and St. Paul, and at the summit of the altar piece, the bust of God. 
the Creator. The pictures which are seen on the walls near this altar are: 
On the right hand side, "The Adoration of the Wise Men," with the 
"Flight into Egypt;" and on the left, "The Adoration of the Shepherds," 
with the "Annunciation." 

These altars, and especially the principal one, are decorated with col- 
umns and a great profusion of arabesques, in Ioav relief, all gilded or 
painted Avith different colors, according to the requirements of the Moorish 
style. 

Besides the images we have mentioned there are the statues of the 
twelve apostles, placed in niches cut in the pillars of the church, and many 
others, representing generally some saints of the Order of St. Francis. 
There are also in the dome of the cupola the pictures of several personages 
of the order who occupied high rank in the church. 

Returning to the front door, we find two small openings communicat- 
ing with the towers. The first room on the right, which is formed by the 
inside of the tower, is about twelve feet square, and is used for the minis- 
tration of baptisms. A similar room, which is of no particular use now. 
but which corresponds to the mortuary chapel of the old basilicas, is lo- 
cated in the left tower, l^'rom each one of these rooms commence the 
stairs, cut in the thickness of the walls, and leading to the upper stories. 
Starting from the baptistery, the second fiight reaches the choir of the 
church. A good view of the upper part of the monument can be had from 
that place. There are also some frescoes worth noticing. These are the 
Holy Family, facing the main altar; St. Francis, represented as raptured 
liy heavenly love, in a fiery chariot; St. Dominic receiving from the Blessed 
Virgin the mission to promote the devotion of the rosary in the world; and 
the four Evangelists, with their characteristic attributes. Two flights more 
lead to the belfry, where are four rough and home-made bells of small 
size. Twenty-two steps more l)ring the visitor to the top story and under 
the little dome covering the tower, an elevation of about seventy-five feet 
above the ground. Here a glance can be cast on the beautiful and ex- 
tensive valley of the Saiita Cruz, and the surrounding country. 

One of the towers, as can be seen, was never completed; it lacks the 
dome and plastering from the second story above. The reason Avhy it re- 
mained vmfinished is not known. 

On the west side of the church, separated from it by a narrow passage, 
is an inclosure with an opening on the north and a small chapel standing 
at its western side. The ground enclosed was formerly used as a ceme- 
tery, and the chapel Avas the place where the dead bodies were kept imtil 
the ceremony of the burial could be performed. 

On the east side of the church is the mission building, which formerly 
occupied a somewhat extensive space, and consisted of the rooms necessary 
for the priests, of a soap factory and stores for the provisions. Besides, 
there were several farming houses convenienJ;ly located on the mission 
land. Of these buildings there are now onlj- two rooms, making a body 
with the chiu-ch, and four extending south and facing on the churcli plaza. 

The little butte adjoining the church shows, on its top, the crater of 
an extinct volcano." 

Some fantastic legend is invariably attached to an did 

A Legend of ' "'^^ ^^^ ^^^^ ignorant or crodnlous, and the mission cliunli 

. of Tumacacori, near Tubac, has not escaped, for it is be- 

Tum^CaCOri. lleved by the ignorant Mexicans that at dreary mid- 

nlghl's cheerless limu', mass is celebrated by a ghostly 

priest. 

The belief is apparently sustained by tlie personal (>xperience of a 
nuiitcn) named Davila, who claims to have invobmtarily attended nuiss in 



The Storij of tin' Sim -Kissed Land. 25 

the nuns in company with two others, but the traditional fatality, which 
imposed the penalty of death upon mortal witnesses, did not operate in their 
case, except after a long interval. 

"We had been herding some cattle in the mountains. 

The GhOStlV ^"^ when we reached the mission, about an hour before 

^ midnight, ovu' horses were so worn out that we c<ndd 

Priest. urge them no further, and, much against our inclinations, 

we resolved to camp in the ruins and make Tubac next 
morning. We turned our animals loose in the enclosure behind the church, 
and carried our traps into the vestibule of the building. Neither of my 
companions had any superstitious fears, and mine were not strong enough 
to bother me. 

The interior was dark and dismal as a cavern, but beyond, the moon- 
light streaked the walls of the nave, and the cupola above the chancel 
glistened like a snowdrift in the sunlight. 

It was the work of a few moments to build a fire, and as the flames 
rose, the shadows danced on the Avails, and the smoke curled up like in- 
cense, causing the bats to whine and screech as they fluttered from the 
roof, in and out and round about. 

As we lolled by the fire and toasted our carne-scca, my thoughts ran 
back through the years to the time when the gloomy building our presence 
seemed to desecrate was the heart of life, industry and zeal. Our shad- 
ows stretched along the floor, over the straggling weeds that grew where 
Avorshipers had knelt, and, towering upwards, seemed to threaten us from 
the cracked and crumbling walls. 

Having been up most of the previous night, we were well disposed to 
take advantage of the present opportunity to rest. There was a large pile 
of loose straw in one corner, and we spread this on the ground and covered 
it with our saddle cloths. 

How long we slept I never knew, for slumber measures not time, but 
I was suddenly aAvakened by a clutch upon my shoulder and a hoarse whis- 
per in my ear, 'Mirad por Dios!' 

Starting up, I was conscious of the fact that the fire had gone out and 
the moon had dropped behind the western hills, yet there was a strange 
glow about me that cast no shadows, as if the air itself were luminous. If 
my companions had awakened they showed no signs of animation now, 
but knelt bj^ my side, motionless as" statues, their faces corpse-like, and 
tlieir eyes fixed with a glassy stare upon the distant chancel. As my gaze 
turned in the same direction, every hair upon my head seemed to prick 
and burn, the pulsation of my heart was stilled, a clammy sweat beaded 
my forehead and fell upon my clasped hands, and my soul succumbed to 
the influence of inexpressible awe. 

What I saAv seemed pictm-ed on my mind from Avithin and not visible 
as material things are. The chancel glowed Avith the same strange light 
that filled the space about me, but more intense and AA'ith a faint purple 
tint. I felt like one sinking in deep Avaters. Avith life passing aAvay in a 
dream, when the sound of a soft, Ioaa- chant bubbled in my ears like the 
A'oice of a distant stream; louder it grcAv and louder, then seemed to sleo]!, 
then swelled again full of rich melody. It suddenly ceased and a form 
robed like a priest knelt in the chancel, and an acolyte knelt on each side 
of him and gently SAA^iyed the censers, and the incense rose and hung 
above the three forms like a cloiid. The chant began again and the priest 
turned his face to the auditorium and appeared to mutter a prayer. 
Through the luisty incense Avhich noAV coiled about him like a shadoAvy 
serpent, the features could be partially distinguished. They Avere those of 
an aged man, full of benignity but tinged Avith sorroAA^ He turned and 
knelt again with tlie acolytes behind him. and the chant ceased. Now the 



2(5 



Treasure LajirL 



iiuditoruun Avas filled with dark forms that drifted in like smoke throufih 
the open roof aud the \Yindows. assumed hnmau shapes and knelt upon the 
floor. The chanting recommenced and grew louder and louder as the 
priestly form arose and. turning, raised its hands to heaven as if invoking 
a blessing. The kneeling forms in front bent lov^-er and lower imtil they 
were level with the tloor. The chant ceased and there came a soimd like 
the rush of a hiu'ricane, a mighty shriek rent the air, and I must have 
fallen senseless, for I knew no more!" 

Attention has been elsewhere called to the bar between the linil'.s as 
an insignia of priesthood or strong medicine. 

The figure here represents a practitioner of more than ordinary ability, 
who is taken in the act of exhorting the world of sinners to flee from the 
wrath to come. Above him is an elaborate representation of the heavenly 
home of the spirits of tlie blessed, the separate mansions being plainly in- 
dicated. The small figure in the upper left-hand corner is 
the mummified remains of one of those unfortunate beings 
who neglected, while on earth, to provide for his spiritual 
welfare, and now suflfers the torment of surveying a felicity 
that he cannot enjoy. The attachment to the heavenly 
city, which has the appearance of an ordinary key, is 
the all-seeing eye of the Deity who has provided the 
delectable mansions and watches over the welfare of their 
inhabitants. 




Where ^^ has been asked again and again, where the missionary 

fathers obtained the means to build such structures 
Dldttie ratners .,j^ those we llnd at 8an Xavier and Tumacacori, and the 
Get the Means? belief is general that they derived considerable wealth 
from working the mines. The records, however, show no 
income from this source, so far as we can learn, and from this it might be 
inferred that the popular belief is unfounded. 

We can readily see, though, why the mining operations of the Fathers 
were not recorded. The King of Spain assumed that he was entilled to all 
the mineral product that the officials had no use for, and if the Fathers 
wished to derive any profit from mining, their operations had to be con- 
tlucted secretly. 

We do not for a moment doubt that they availed themselves freely of 
nature's treasures, and that the noble edifices, whose ruins we behold lo-day 
with admiration and wonder, were built in great part frdui the product of 
clandestine mining operations. 

The missions also raised live stock in large nund)ers aud cultivated the 
lands extensively, but these resources can not alone account for the dis- 
bursements. 

This is a battle scene, aud depicts a mighty warrior in the very act of 
vanciuishing his foes. While he sust.Mins his trusty bow with one hand 
(which, being his left, suggests contemjit for his adversaries), he chival- 
rdusly urges the fear-stricken host to yield them prisoners and save effusion 
of blood. The treml)ling wretches (observe the two figures below ) 
throw up appealing arms and beg for mercy. The fact that they 
are so paralyzed with fear as to be unable to i\y is ingeniously 
indicated by the omission of their organs of locomotion. The 
character between the outstretched limbs of the warrior is a 
fallen foe. his defunct condition being cleverly emphasized by 
the insignificance of his appearance and lack of human attributes. 
This is a spirited composition and must have inuuortalized the 
artist. 



i 



The Story of the Sun-Kissed Land. 

THI: PIONIiCP.S. 

The soldier, marching at his sovreign's call^ 
The cannon, belcJiing at a, living wall — 
An empire rising on a kingdom's fall — 

These found no state ! 
But they, who dared the dangers of the wild, 

Leaving their homes and kindred far behind : 
Willi dreams of future glory unbeguiled, 

Seeking alone to benefit mankind — 
These found a state! 
And millions, yet unborn, shall hold them dear, 
And bless the memory of the Pioneer. 



Only a few centuries ago, Columbus resolutely grasped a woi'kl, though 
opposed by the ridicule and sneers of Christendom; Cortex and Pizai'm 
conquered kingdoms and empires, and enriched Europe l^y their chivalry 
and prowess; great armies flocked to the standards of DeLeon, Narvaez 
and DeSoto, laughing, in their enthusiasm, at all obstacles and perils. 

"It was," as Irving says, "poetry in action; it was the knight-errantry 
of the Old World carried into the depth of the American wilderness; in- 
deed, the personal adventures, the feats of individual prowess, the pictiir- 
esque descriptions of steel-clad cavnliers, Avith lance and helm and pranc- 
ing steed, glittering through the wildernesses of Florida, Georgia and Ala- 
bama, and the prairies of the far West, Avould seem to us mere fictions of 
I'omauce did they not come to us recorded in matter-of-fact narratives of 
contemporaries, and corroborated by minute and daily memoranda of eye- 
witnesses." 

Then there were scores of others, mad with will and energy and ro- 
mantic aspii-ations, breasting a hundred crushing storms and conquering 
a thousand incredible obstacles in their resolute marches through imknown 
wildernesses, and among treacherous and implacable savages. 

The pioneers of Arizona were animated, not so much by romantic en- 
thusiasm, as a steady purpose to subdue the wilds to the purposes of civ- 
ilization, and make them theirs. Their chivalry was the rough-hewn hon- 
esty of the frontiers, which maintained inviolate the sacred principles of 
free government. Conscious of ultimate victory, and foreseeing the day 
when civilized homes would form a living chain from ocean to ocean, they 
eagerly sought the vanguard; Ihey were Americans and aspii-ed to be. as 
they should be, the first in everything that conduces to the grandem- or 
welfare of their country. There was no vain glory in their march, no steel- 
clad cavaliers, with lance and helm and prancing steed— no dreams of 
I'^iuntains of Youth or El Dorado. They sought a new field for their irre- 
pressible energy, the opportunity to found a new commonwealth, and they 
Avere as brave a body of men as ever attempted to found a civilized state. 

Never in the history of the world did man have to contend against as 
formidable a foe as did the Arizona pioneers. Harassed on all sides by the 
relentless Apache, cut off from civilization by the desert plains of New 
Mexico and California, they lived a life of constant Avarfai't; and privation, 
a few determined men against hordes of savage foes. 



2S TrenHUi-c Lai/il. 

To reeouut Uiv'iv luudshiiis. the scones of bloocly strife and savage am- 
bush, is not Avitliin our power; tliey are recorded in tlie unwritten history 
of Arizona. Many of these hardy settlers fell victims to Indian cunning-, 
and the linding of a few bleached bones in after years was all the record 
left of their taking off. Their ranks grew thinner and thinner as the years 
rolled by, but still they persevered in their purpose to make Arizona a home 
for their race. 

All over Arizona there are found to-day remnants of the dauntless band 
enjoying the glory of successful achievement. Gray-bearded and bent, per- 
haps, but still hearty old fellows, and foremost in everything that tends 
to carry their good work along. Out of their ranks come men fitted for 
every public duty. They are among our best citizens and prosperous busi^ 
ness men. 

They have seen the territory transformed from a desolate waste to one 
of the most fertile lands on earth; they reflect on the past, see through the 
dim years scenes of strife and hardship where now reign peace and pros- 
perity, and with the dew of recollection in their eyes cry, "Advance, Ari- 
zona!" 

In the year 1824, a party of 100 hardy and adventurous 
The First frontiersmen set out fi'om Kentucky upon a trapping 

expedition to the headwaters of the Arkansas river. 
Pioneers. After many romantic adventures in New Mexico, the 

party dispersed, but a few of the boldest spirits under- 
took to reach the Pacific coast. They spent one winter at the headwaters 
of the Gila rivei', and the uext spring trapped down the river to its con- 
fluence with the Colorado, where Yuma now stands. Here they em- 
barked their canoes on the turbid waters of the Colorado and drifted 
down to the Gulf of California, whence they crossed the peninsula to 
8an Diego. Here two of the party, Sylvester Tattle and his son, James, 
were imprisoned by the Mexican commandant, and after a long and cruel 
confinement the elder Pattie died. His son James was then released and 
found his way back to civilization. He published a book giving an 
account of his adventures, although Col. Poston claims that he was never 
heard of after his release from prison. 

The late I'auline Weaver, a trapper from Tennessee, Avas at the Casa 
Grande, near the present site of Florence, in 1S32. He was the original 
discoverer of the famous gold placers near Antelope peak, about forty 
miles south of Piescott, and remained in Arizona till his death a few- 
yea I's ago. 

During the Mexican wai-, a number of scouting parties and messen- 
gers passed through the Territory, and a few trappers, guides and hun- 
ters of American and half-breed birth penetrated the country. 

Felix Aubrey made several trips into the Tonto basin, the Gila valU'y. 
the Santa Kita mountains and other portions of the Territory; Capt. John 
Moss penetrated the canons of the Great and Little Colorado, and Capt. 
Adams explored the same river. 

The cession of Arizona and New Mexico north of tlie Gila river was 
consummated February 2, 1848, and the balance of these Territories was 
actiuircd under the Gadsden Purchase, December 30, 1853. 

The United States Boundary Commission (1849-51) was th(! first body 
of Americans, known to the country at large, which entered the borders 
of Arizona. 

After the discovery of gold in California, the valley of the Gila became 
a highway for the more daring and adventurous of those Avho, from 18-10 
on, made their way across the continent by the southern route. 

In 18.54, Col. C. D. Poston landed at Navachiste. in the ^Mexican state 
of Sinaloa, and explored the country as far as Sonoita, and thence throngli 
the I'apago country to Gila P.end, Fort Yuma and San Diego. 



The Sfori/ nf 11, r Sim. Kissed I.duil. 29 

In August, 1850, an exploiin.:;- icirl.v (inllittcd ar San Antonio, Tex., 
and after a perilous journey reached Tubae, and lu-uei-eded, under tlie 
direction of Col. rostou, to examine the rich silver mines reported to 
("xist in the mountains. 

In the latter part' of JS57 tlie San Antonio and San Diego semi-niontld.v 
stage line was established and this continued until the following year, 
when the Buttertield semi-weekly line Avas put on. The usual time was 
twenty-two days from St. I.ouis to San Francisco, and until the out- 
break of the civil war there Avas not a single break in the service. 

Among the earliest scientitic explorers were Trof. W. P. Blake and 
Herman Ehrenberg. Prof. Blake Avas in charge of the government geologi- 
cal survey, and is uoav director of the Mining School of the University 
of Arizona. Elirenberg remained in the Territory Avliile I'oston visited 
Washington City, and until he returned across the plains in 1850 Avith 
a colony of Americans and Germans, Avho settled in Tubac and eng.-iged 
in mining. 

Col. I'oston attracted capital to the extent of nearly a million doll.-ii;-; 
in the development of mines, and the exploitations Avere in a promising 
condition Avhen in 1801 the exigencies of the civil Avar caused the Avitli 
draAval of the Federal troops and the temporary abandonment of the Ter- 
ritory. 

In 1857 efforts Avere made to secure civil government, but Avere un- 
successful. 

On February 27, 1862, a company of Texan guerillas, under Ca])l. 
.Hunter, reached Tucson and took possession of the place and held it 
until the advance of the California column in May Avarned them to retire. 

The Apaches, ignorant of our domestic disturbances, believed that they 
had stampeded the Avhite population and evinced a desire to take posses- 
sion of everything. It Avas perilous to go a mile aAvay from, the walls 
of Tucson, and outlying settlements were entirely abandoned. 

Union rule Avas reestablished in 1863, and on the 24th of February of 
the same year the organic act creating the Territory of Arizona av;ts passed. 

Its history since then has been one of incessant struggle Avith the 
s:ivage Apache up to their absolute overthroAV less than a decade ago. 
Since then it has beconie more prosperous every year, and noAV claims 
a population of 100,000 and all the elements necessary to entitle it to 
become a sovereign state. 



>7jk^^ 



Here the artist aimed to depict action, and, in a 

measure anticipated the invention of the kinet 

oscope. The figure to the right represents a 

serpent coiled, but ready to spring forth on the 

slightest provocation : the middle one is the same 

serpent in the act of striking the indetinite object 

on the extreme left 

The Avriter puzzled over this picture for more than an hour, oii- 

!)resse<l Avith an idea that it meant more than appeared on the surface. 

and as he Avas about to despair of penetrating its occult significance, the 

Avhole truth Avas revealed. 

It is marvelous; astonishing! All that the observer has to do is to 
fix his gaze upon the picture, then a lapid movement of the head from 
side to side causes the coiled serpent to uuAvind and dart against the 
object to the left. 

HoAv many generations of Indians stood before this wonderful achieve- 
ment and AA'riggled their heads, before modern scie-ice discovered this 
method of enabling eager millions to Avitness a prize figiit Avithout going 
to see it? 



30 Trc((sKn' Laud. 

The following panegyric on tlie men -who pioneered the 

"Wilderness of Arizona is from the pe.n of the Hon. Cluis. 
Old Times. a. Shlbell, county recorder, who came here in the early 

part of 1SC2 and has been prominent and distinguished 

in public life e^er since: 
"^ly thoughts instinctively surge back to the old times, when our 
days were days of watching and our nights seldom brought us rest. It 
travels back, and the mile-stones are the bloody giaves of innumerable 
friends and companions who fell by the merciless hand of the Apache. 
Their names will now have no more signiticance to the world than those 
on the heastoiu's in the cemetery of a strange land, but to the pioneers 
who shared their hardships and live to glory in their memory, each once 
familiar name will reveal the stii'ring scenes they shared. In those days 
we Avere a band of brothers. 'J'he strife for honor, position and wealth 
carried little Aveight with us and friendship meant all the word implies; 
and even yet, though selfish career may, seemingly, drive us apart, yet, 
when the occasion requires, the bond of fealty asserts itself, and tlu> 
love between ns proves as strong as in the early days, when a simi)le 
•good-bye" meant an eternal farewell. Such were, and are, the pioneers, 
and their deeds cannot perish fi'om the earth. They live in sjiirit and 
speak to the hearts of future generations, noble examples of what man 
Avill do for man. The pioneer, schooled in the passive as well as the 
active virtues, disciplined in patience, fortitude and self control, learned the 
highest lesson this life can teach— the cheerfid readiness to try again." 

There Avere probably several American flags in Arizona- 
The First before this particular one, but this had a right to un- 

fui'l its glorious colors to the breeze. 
Flagf. Arizona had just become attached to Uncle Sam, like 

a patch to his coat tails, by Airtue of the Gadsden Pur- 
chase, and the Americans icsiding in Tucson celebi'ated the occasion by 
hoistuig Old (ilory under the. shadows of Sentinel peak. The ^Mexican 
garrison evacuated Tucson in February, 18."), and hauled down the Eagle 
and Cactus as they marched away. The Americans cpiickly lashed several 
long mesquite poles together for a flagstaff and unfurled the starry banner 
to the breeze and saluted it Avith rousing cheers as it rose. 

The commander of the Mexican troops demanded that the flag be 
loAvered until his men had reached the frontier, but the Americans de- 
clined to obey, and being Avell armed and determined to maintain Iheii- 
light to fly the flag they loved, the matter Avas drojjped. 

There are two diffei'ent accoimts of the affair Avhich can not l>e har- 
monized. One is fo the effect that a real flag Avas furnishe<l by Edwartl 
Miles, and the other, (-(pially as Avell substantiated, claims that no flag 
could lie olitiiined and tliree liandkerchiefs of the proper color were knotteii 
logetlier. 

Tllg Among the more interesting and exciting episodes of the 

P . , ante-belUnn period Avas the ill-starred Crabb expedition. 

^^^"'^ In l.S.'»(J. (land.'ira av.-is ihe legally elected Oovernor 

Expedition. "f fl'^" Mexican state of Sonora, and as his iiolitical 

opponent, Ygnacio Pesquiera, could not manii)uiate the 

i-eturns, he raised a revolt. Henry A. Crabb n)et Pesquiera and i)roi)osed 

lo him to bring doAvn a force of 1,000 armed Americans to emphasize his 

demand foi- a recount. Ciabb's reward Avas to be a strip of territoi-y 

jicross the northern frontier of Sonora. and the armed Americans were lo 

lie considered as colonists. tht> assumjition being that a suflicient number 

of ingenious artisans Avould be introduced to transform the instruments 

of death into peaceful implements of husbandry. 




The Story of the .Sim-Kisscd fMiid. 31 

Crahb found no trouble in gathering- his colonists in California, and at 
onee marched via Yuma to Filibusters' Camp, on the Gila. The main 
l)ody stayed here to recruit the animals, while the leader set forward 
with an advance guard of 100 men. 

[Meanwhile res(iuiera had settled the Candara matter, and the Crabb 
exi)editiou was being used against him by his enemies to destroy the 
fruits of his victory. Being an accomplished politician, Pesquiera 
l)romptly denied any complicity with Ciabb, and to effectually establish 
Ins innocence roused the State against him, besieged him at Caborca, and 
after a desperate tight, killed or captured the whole party. 

The prisoners were promptly executed, and Pesquiera remitted poor 
Crabb's head to the City of Mexico as a proof of his intense loyalty to 
his coimtry and his undying hatred of foreign interference. The main 
body of Crabb's party, lu-aring of his death, threw up their commissions 
and returned to private life. 

AVhen the news of Crabb's imminent danger reiu lied Tucson, a party 
of twenty-seven Americans organized and started to his relief, but ai'- 
rived too late, and had to fight their way l)ack against overwhelming 
numbers. 

This was found on a stone facing the west, whence we 
infer that it is a vivid representation of sunset : the artist, 
with a cunning that strikes us with amazement, adroitly 
reversing the position of the rays, in order to distinguish it 
from another masterpiece portraying a sunrise. 

The ditticulty of distinguishing between these two phenomena, so 
nearly alike in all respects, has troubled artists of every age, but the 
imtutored Indian, whose name and race are lost to history, offers a solu- 
tion that oiu' modern artists can ;ivail themselves of without any saci'iflce 
of professional pride. 

The lirst printing press Avas Ijrought into the territory 

The First from Ohlo and set up in Tubac, then one of the most 

important settlements. The editor was Col. Cross, a 

Newspaper. tire-eating veteran of the Mexican war, who anticipated 

modei'u methods of Increasing circulation by beginning 

a series of virulent attacks upon liieut. Sylvester Mowry. 

As the colonel had the ouly printing outtit in the counti-y, the lieu- 
tenant could not retaliate by printing an alleged portrait of his traducer 
in an opposition paper, and Avas therefore compelled to send him a chal- 
lenge, which was accepted. 

The Aveapons Avere Burnside ritles, and the principals, Avho stood eighty 
paces apart. Avere seconded by Grant < )ury for ]MoAvry and John W. 
I)onalds()U for Cross. The tirst tAvo exchanges of shots disappointed i)oth 
parties, and on the third, jMoAvry's Aveapon refused to t)perate. The code 
was then invoked in JNIoAvry's behalf and he Avas accorded another dis- 
charge. Col. Cross folded his arms and calmly Avaited, having probably 
concluded that if tAvo professional fighters couldn't hit a mark in five 
shots the chances Avere good for a miss on the sixth. 

Mowry laised his rifle, ably assisted by his second, and after Avobbling 
it :i round until it covered the earth, took a sua]) shot at the tirmnment. 

Thus AA-as The Aiizonian introduced to the Avoi'ld! But as an ad- 
vertising scheme the duel Avas not a success, and The Arizonian failed 
to flourish. MoAvry afterAvards purchased it himself and moved it to 
Tucson. Avhere it Avns edited l)y .7. HoAvard Mills, Avho was also a justice 
of the peace. Mills soon retired, and in his farcAvell address to an un- 
appreciative public, delicately alluded to the fac-t that his derringer could 
be purchased at less than cost. 



'.VI Treasure LkihI. 

How the ^'**^" ^'' ^*' J''^*^*^*^'"' "^vlio is a brilliant lacoiilcur and li:is 

a strong bubbling sense of humor, gives in his n'uiin 
Territory Was Iscenses the following account of the pn-liniinary wire- 
OrE'anized. pulling that led to the organization of the territory: 

"At the meeting of congress in December, 1SG2, 1 
returned to Washington, made friends with IJncolu, and proposed the 
organization of Arizona. 

Oury was in Richmond, cooling his heels in the autc-chambers of Ihc 
Confederate Congress, Avithout gaining admission as a delegate from 
Arizona; Mo wry was a prisoner in Yuma, cooling his head from the 
political fever which had afHicted it, and meditating on the decline and 
fall of a West Point giaduate. There was no other person in Washing- 
ion, save Gen. Heintzelman, who took any interest in Arizona affairs; 
Ihey had something else to occupy their attention, and did not even know 
whei'e Arizona was. Old Ben AVade, chairman of the senate committet; 
on territories, took a lively and bold interest in the organization of tht; 
territory, and Ashley, chairman of the committee in the house, told me 
luiw to accomplish the object. He said there were a number of members 
of till' expiring congress who had been defeated in their own districts 
for the next term, who Avanted to go West and offer their political ser\- 
ices, and if thej^ could be gi'ouped and a satisfactory slate made, they 
would have influence enough to carry the bill through congress. 

Consequently an 'oyster supper' was organized, to Avhich the 'lame 
ducks' Avere invited, and then and there the slate Avas made, and the Ter- 
ritory Avas virtuallj^ oi-ganized. Towards the last it occurred to my ob- 
lusticated brain that my name did not appear on the slate, and I ex-, 
claimed, in the language of Daniel Webster: 'Gentlemen, what is to 
become of meV Gourley politely replied: 'Oh, Ave'll make you Indian 
agent.' 

So the bill ]):issed, Lincoln signed all the commissions, the oyst(M- 
supper was paid for, and Arizona launched on the political sea." 

rnvprnnipnt Money Avas easily made Avhen the California volunteers 

UOVernmeni ^..^^^^^ ^^ Tucson in 1863. Barley brought ten cents a 

Hay pound and Avas hard to get at any price. 

in 18^1 "^^^^ quartermaster's office used to be about AA'hei'c 

tlie NcAV Orndorff hotel now stands and the scales stood 

Just outside. 

On one occasion Billy BoAvers h arned that the (juartermaster AA-as short 
on barley and that Nick Chambers had all there Avas in toAvn, about a 
Avagon load. Billy hunted up the quartermaster and contracted to de- 
liver ten loads at a high liguie, the grain to be weighed on the scales and 
then delivered at the corral half a mile aAA-ay. Being an ignorant frontiers- 
man he didn't Avant any vouchers or other red tape about the business, 
and insisted upon receiving cash for each load as it Avas Aveighed. 

Having arranged these preliminaries to his satisfaction, he began busi- 
ness by borroAving a team fi'om JSick Chambers and the use of his load 
of barley. I^oading it on tlie quartermaster's scales he received its 
value and reloaded ngaln. He ought to haA'e taken it to the corral 
.-iccording to contiact, but seeing that it Avas only borroAved be didn't 
feel that it Avas right to do this, besides a little more Aveighing Avouldn't 
hui't it in the least, so making a detour he returned it to the scales and 
receiA'cd another payment for it. He AA'as again on the horns of a di- 
lemma. If he took the grain to the coi-ral he Avas disposing of projjerty 
that didn't belong to him, and if, on the other hand, he failed to deliver 
ten loads to the government, he violated his contract. Billy solved tlie 
problem by weighing the barley ten times and then returning it to its 
OAvner, a trifle the Avorse for handling but still merchantable. Half an 



The Stoi'H of the Siin-Kisaed Land. 33 

hour afterwards he was on the road to Tubac and has not been heard of 
since. 

Nick Chambers swore that he was not privy to the scheme, and be- 
lidved the barley had been borrowed just to give the animals a smell 
of decent food, but as he was reputed to be a shrewd trader, the popular 
verdict was against him. 

Hank and Yank, as well as others, coined money on hay contracts. If 
they didn't get two or three heavyweight teiamsters on the scales for 
good measure it was bocause the scales were fixed otherwise. Up at a 
camp near Maricopa y built a stone corral with the rocks that came 
in the hay. 

The story would be incomplete without a reference to 
jjj Dr. .T. C. Handy, whose untimely death about six 

. years ago appeared to be a public calamity. Dr. 

MCIIloria.111. w. H. Fenner M'as for several years associated with 

him in the practice of medicine and refers to him as a 
man whose strong character impressed itself on all who met him. His 
enemies exaggerated his vices, and those who loved him, and they were 
many, never realized the half of his virtues. He came to the Territory 
as an army surgeon, but resigned and began the practice of medicine in 
Tucson. He was principal surgeon for The Southern Pacific Railroad 
Company from the time the line was opened for trafBc imtil his death. 
He was active in all public matters and occupied several public positions. 
He would have led in his profession anywhere, and his reputation here 
has never been excelled. His death brought sorrow to many a house- 
hold and even his enemies grieved to see him go. 

This is a quadruped, but of what species 
can not be absolutely determined. The ex- 
cresences on the head might be horns, but 
from the appearance of the other end we 
incline to the belief that the artist had a 
coyote in his mind when he finished his 
labors. 

This is unquestionably a horned toad de- 
picted in the act of walking up a rock to 
catch a fly, and is a very creditable per- 
formance. 

The triple serpent was a favorite combination 
with the rock-carver, and evidently has some 
esoteric significance. It is scarcely possible 
that it Avas intended to represent pictorially 
the scientific fact that three of a kind beat 
two pair, and yet there is no more probable 
explanation offered. 

In the year 1870 the Pinal and Arivaipa Apaches were 
Camp Grant placed upon a reservation around old Camp Grant, at the 

junction of the San Pedro and Arivaipa, about fifty-five 
Massacre. miles from Tucson, in charge of civil agents, but these 

proving unsatisfactory, Lieut. Royal E. Whitman, of the 
United States Third cavalry, was assigned as agent. Being a thrifty per- 
son, he quickly realized the money-making possibilities of his position and 
loft the Indians to follow their own inclination while he pursued his. The 
Indians soon began to plunder and murder the settlers within a radius of 
TOO miles, finding succor and protection with the agent, who was applying 
the same commercial principles in a more civilized manner. The citizens 



Sn^ 



-«^ 




;}4 Treasure Laud. 

organized and appealed to Gen. Stoneman, department commander, avIio 
was then encamped on the Gila river, near Florence, Init he would do 
nothing and suggested that the citizens should protect themselves. Tlu" 
depredations and outrages continued, and in April, 1871, it was determined 
to make a raid on the Camp Grant Indians who were known to be the 
principal depredators. The avenging band rendezvoused on the llillito op- 
posite San Xavier, under the leadership of the late Hon. W. S. Oury and 
Jes. M. Ellas, and comprised ninety-two Tapago Indians, forty-eight Mex- 
icans and six Americans; the eighty-tAVO Ainericans who had solemnly 
pledged themselves to be ready at any moment for the campaign being rep- 
resented by the above insignificant number. A wagon Avith arms, ammuni- 
tion and stores was provided by the Hon. .7. B. Allen, then adjutant gen- 
eral of the territory, an act of official courtesy that the old general can 
safely attach his name to at this late date. Mr. Oury took the precaution 
to send a note back to Tucson addressed to the late H. S. Stevens, urging 
him to send a party to a point on the road to Camp Grant, with instructions 
to stop any and ail travelers, and without this precaution the raid Avould 
have been a failure. 

The party started before daylight and reached the San Pedro bottoms 
on the morning of April 29, where it remained till nightfall. As soon as it 
Avas dark the march was resumed, the intention being to strike the enemy's 
camp at midnight, but the distance had bei-n miscalculated and they did 
not reach it till the early morning. The attack Avas so swift and tierce thai 
Avithin half an hour the whole work Avas ended and not an adult Indian 
left to tell the tale. Some twenty-eight or thirty small papooses Avere 
spared and brought to Tucson. Not a single man of the party Avas in- 
jured, and at eight o'clock on the bright morning of April 30, 1871, the 
little band breakfasted on the San Pedro, a fcAV miles above the post, with 
the full satisfaction of a Avork Avell done. 

This is the portrait of a mighty bowman in the act of 
perceiving an enemy. The left hand is upraised to inform his 
followers (so far behind that the artist could not introduce them 
to the public) of his desire to cope with the foe unaided and alone. 
The curves of his limbs jjortray his firm resolution, just as the 
unusual length of bow proclaims his giant strength. His extra- 
ordinary girth shows his importance, and the elongation of the 
neck indicates the ambitious character of his mind. This is the 
most striking and successful attempt at i)ortraiture to be met 
with on the rocks, and in naturalness of treatment surpasses 
samples of early Egyptian art, which often tire with their absurd 
conventionalism. 

Wo are indebted to Mr. Harry D. Foreman, son of I lie 

late S. W. Foreman, Avho made the first survey (if 
1870-1871. Tucson, for copies of letters Avritten by his father in 1870- 

71, and regret that lack of space prevents us from giving 

them to our readers entire. 
In one letter he speaks of the richness of the Santa Cruz and other val- 
leys south of Tucson, and says: "The soil is very rich; the Santa Cruz, a 
large, ra])id stream, Avith many tributaries, Avinding through valuable tim- 
ber, grazing and agricultural lands. Four or more men, armed with re- 
volvers, accompany one team Avhen plowing, and the plow is adorned Avith 
a gun strapped to it. Every house is a fort and, notwithstanding these 
precautions, stock is frequently stolen, and scores of graves attest the fell 
work of the savage. 

"On Monday a small band of Indians stole some stock from a ranch 
twelve miles so'uth of Tucson. A small party Avent in pursuit and recap- 
tured the stock, after killing one Indian. 




The Story of the SHii-Kiftucd L(ni<1. .'55 

"Yesterday the Indians attacked McKensey's ranch, on the San Pedro, 
murdered him and drove off his stock. A party of settlers followed and 
overtook them, and found them reinforced by about 100 from the military 
feeding posts. In the fight that followed. H. C. Long, Owr.y Chapin and 
Egcard Unter were killed, and the Indians escaped." 

The first American store was opened in Tucson, March 
An Historical ^^' l^^^' ^^y ^^''- Solomon Warner, who is still living. 

The populatirn of the town at that time Was about 400 
Brief. Mexicans and fifty Americans. The first stage coach ran 

out of Tucson in 1858, and in February, 1859, the first 
newspaper published in Arizona made its appearance at Tubac, vinder the 
name of the Weekly Arizonicu. Avith Col. E. Cross as editor. The Territory of 
Arizona was regularly organized December 29, 1863. The Southern Pacific 
railroad reached Tucson, April 15, 1880. 

The city of Tucson was duly organized in 1871, with the following 
ofiicers: S. R. DeLong, mayor; Hiram S. Stevens, treasurer; W. J. Osborn, 
assessor and recorder, and Samuel Hughes, W. W. Williams. C. O. Brown 
and Wm. S. Oury, councilmeu. Of these, Hiram Stevens and W. S. Oury 
have passed away, but the rest are with us. 

In this picture we are introduced to some of the mysteries of ancient 
religious rites. 

Here is a priest, or medicine-man, with one hand on his 
hip to e.xpress confidence in his own powers, while with 
right arm upraised he exorcises the evil spirit indicated by 
the figure to the left. The spirit is troubled and anxious to 
go, but is held by the priest's magnetic glare until the 
audience (not shown in the picture) is convinced that there 
is no deception 

It has been suggested that the bar between the limbs is an effort to 
realize a Masonic apron, but there is really no reason for supposing that 
the ancient Indian carried any Masonic secrets about him. 

Like the ancient Phoenicians, this primitive race immolated false 
]>rophets on their own altars, and in order to prevent them from absconding, 
when their exorcisms failed, shackled their limbs. This is a practice that 
(.'ould be revived to advantage among our own people. 

The man who was most instrumental in bringing about 

Tlie Cochise ^ treaty of peace with the Chiricahua Apaches was the 

Hon. Fred. Hughes, to whom we ai-e indebted for the 

Outbreak. following account of the cause of the first outbreak, in 

1860: 

Capt. Richard Ewell. called "Baldy Ewell," who afterwards distin- 
guished himself in the Confederate service, was succeeded in command of 
Fort Buch.Muan, at the head of the Sonoita valley, sixty-five miles from 
Tucson, by Col. Morrison, with two companies of the Seventh infantry. 

A short time after he assumed command, a settler in the Sonoita valley, 
named Ward, came to the Fort and complained that the Indians had stolen 
some of his horses and mules and a Mexican boy whom he had adopted. 
Lieut. Bascom was sent with a detachment to Apache pass, one of Cochise's 
strongholds, with instructions to recover and bring back the stolen prop- 
erty and the boy, if they could be found. Bascom had just graduated from 
West Point, and was as deficient in judgment as he was totally ignorant 
of Indian character. He met Cochise at the Pass and stated the object of 
his mission, but the chief, who was then at peace with the Americans, re- 
plied llial neither the stock nor the boy had been taken by his band, but he 
would try to discover where they were and, if possible, have them returned. 




30 Trcdsure Land. 

Next day Baseom invited Cochise and his brother and two ncpliews lo 
a "bifr talk," and they came at the appointed time without suspecting any 
evil. The Lieutenant informed his dusky guests that he would hold them 
as hostages until the property and the boj^ were delivered up, and con- 
signed them under guard to a tent. Upon realizing that he was a prisoner, 
the Apache chieftain sent forth the war cry of his tribe and, drawing a long 
knife, slashed open the side of the tent and sprang out, followed by his 
brother. A desperate hand-to-hand struggle with the soldiers then began, 
during which Cochise received a bayonet wound in the knee, and was 
seized by a powerful infantryman. The agile chief freed himself from the 
grasp of his assailant and fled to the hills. 

Lieut. Baseom, fearing trouble as the result of his action, retired with 
his troops to the mail station, of which they took possession. 

Next day Cochise appeared and demanded an assurance from Baseom 
that the prisoners had not been killed. This the Lieutenant refused to give, 
and Cochise rode off to his people. In the valley they encountered two 
Americans, named Wallace and Lyons, whom they took prisoners, and 
offered to surrender in exchange for the nephews of Cochise. Notwith- 
standing the appeals of the two men, the exchange was refused and the 
poor fellows were led back to be tortured. Next day another effort to 
exchange was made, and still refused. The two captured Americans 
pleaded their sufferings without avail, and at last ui'ged the Lieutenant to 
order his men to shoot them, so that they might be spared further suffer- 
ing. To this also he turned a deaf ear and sheltered himself and his men 
behind the w^alls of the station. At a favorable moment Lyons, who was 
a powerful man, tore himself loose from the two Indians that held 
him and succeeded in scaling the outer wall of the station, when he was 
shot by the soldiers, who, in their confusion, mistook him for an Apache. 

Finding that no peaceful measures would prevail, and to strike terror 
into the hearts of his adversaries, a rope was thrown around the neck of 
the remaining captive and he was dragged to death in plain view of his 
countrymen. 

That evening signal fires flashed from the surrounding mountains, and 
next morning a thousand w^arriors surrounded the mail station, and if 
speedy reinforcements had not arrived from Buchanan and Breckenridge, 
not a man would have escaped. 

The captured Indians were taken to a point near the Avestern end of 
the pass and there hanged from the limbs of an oak tree, and the troops 
returned home, having begun the first act in the drama of blood and rapine 
w^hich desolated Southern Arizona for nearly fifteen j^ears. 

After the breaking out of the civil war all the forts were abandoned, 
and Arizona left without military protection until the arrival of the Cali- 
fornia column, in June, 18G2. 

Mr. Hughes was acting Indian agent for the Chiricahuas after peace 
was concluded by Gen. Howard, and received the above particulars from 
Cochise himself, which he afterwards verified from other sources. 

He describes Cochise as a remarkable Indian, who would have made 
his mark among men had his lot been cast in a more fortunate sphere of 
life. In conversation he was very pleasant, and to his family and intimate 
friends he was more affectionate than the average white man; he showed 
nothing of the brutish nature generally attributed to him. It was aston- 
ishing to see the power he had over this brutal tribe, for while they almost 
worshipped him, no man was ever more feared, his glance being enough 
to squelch the most obstreperous member of the tribe. He admired cour- 
age even in his enemies, and has been known to weep over the body of a 
brave American, and regret the necessity for his death. 

His death was deeply lamented by his tribe, and the best informed 
Americans regretted it, for they knew that it meant a I'evival of warfare. 



The Stoi-ji of flic Sidi-Kisssd Land. 



37 



Just about the time that Gen. Howard concluded a 
Cochise Liked P^^ce with the Apache chief, Cochise, and appointed 

Capt. Jeffords agent, Mr. H. C. Hoolver, of Sierra Bonita, 
Whiskey. received word that some Texas cattle were being held 

for him on the Rio Miembres. All his horses and mules 
that had not been stolen by the Indians were unfit for service, and learning 
that Capt. Jaffords was with Cochise in the Dragoon mountains and had two 
fine mules, he rode over with one of his men to see if he could borrow or 
buy them. Upon reaching the Indian camp he was seized and carried be- 
fore the renowned chief, who, through an interpreter, informed him that 
Capt. Jeffords had gone; the mules, however, were there, but he could not 
have them. He had some animals of his own that he would trade off for 
ten gallons of good whisky, and asked Mr. Hooker to give him an order 
for that amount of whisky on a well-known merchant in Tucson. Mr. 
Hooker was curious to know how he could get the whisky on the order. 
"Umph!" said Cochise, "I have among my people those who can go any- 
where and clothes to suit the character they play, from a soldier to a Mex- 
ican vaquero!" Mr. Hooker refused to give the order, but was allowed to 
depart in peace. 

During the Indian troubles in Arizona it was a common 
Indian remark that "the soldiers never found the Indians till 

the Indians found them," and the truth of this was sus- 
SlgfnalS. tained by the facts. Not all of the critics, however, knew 

that this was the result of the perfect system of sig- 
nalling used by the Indians, by means of which they were able to telegraph 
information from Mojave to the Rio Grande. Every mountain peak was 
a sentinel post, each prepared with bundles of hay arranged in such a 
manner that when one end of a bundle was lighted the smoke bore it up in 
the air like a balloon. The code was based upon a numerical system, and 
the signals were understood and repeated from peak to peak and the move- 
ments of the troops faithfully reported. 



Footprints 

on the 

Sands of Tima 



Whether the archseopteryx macroura was a bird-like rep- 
tile or a reptilian bird, is a question that may worry 
geologists, but is never likely to give any of our readers 
a headache. It will, however, interest them to learn that 
at some time in the Jurassic period they walked on the 
shores of unlocated lakes or seas in the viciuity of Tucson. 

There are no seas here now, and the only lakes we have are too modern 
10 cover the case, but the footprints of the reptilian bird or the evoluting 
reptile are found imprinted on the stone slabs with which some of our 
sidewalks ai'e veneered. 

We do not, however, wish the reader to infer that Tucson is so old that 
the Archse (for short) walked its streets in the Jurassic or Triassic periods. 
These footprints show strongest on the slabs in front of the oflice of the 
Tucson Daily Citizen, and forcibly suggest the advantages to be derived 
from advertising with both feet if you wish to make a permanent impres- 
sion on the sands of time. 



This has been taken for a landscape and a kitchen 
interior, but it is neitlier. It represents the Deluge, as 
plain as rock-painting art can do so, and opens up a 
vista of jjossibilities that dazzle and bewilder the mind 
of the savant. 

The double canoe at the bottom is the ark, the 
artist being limited by his experience, in portraying the 
great vessel. He realized that Noah and his family 
would keep out of the rain and hence does not attempt to 




38 Treasure Land. 

represent them. The apparent tadpole is a sea serpent disporting on the 
distant wave, and the candelabra in the center is the tree of life rising 
ont of the waters, while tlie untinished base suggests the iincertaintj' of 
land tenure. The spectacled tire iron on the right is the great god of 
storms smiling with both eyes upon the new-rising earth. Even the 
dove is not forgotten entirely, his head appearing above the ark. 

If we had any doubts as to the origin of this people, this picture 
should settle them. It has been claimed that every primitive people had 
its tradition of a deluge, but this is the Deluge of Noah and no other. 

An erroneous impression prevails that our Spanish-Ameri- 
. _ . , can citizens are a drawback to our advancement: that they 

A Typical . ^ ^ ■ , -, ^ ^,rv,-, *i,- 

•' ^ _ are ignorant, bigoted and unprogressive. While this may 

apanisn- ^^ true of their lowest class, as it is of our own, they 

American. average well in intelligence and the highest quality of 

citizenship. We reckon among them many of our best 
people, some of whom have attained eminence in public life and enjoy the 
respect and confidence of all classes. In the early days they stood shoulder 
to shoulder with us to repel the murderous Apache, and now, in the time 
of peace, they keep step in the march of progress. 

Among those who have become distinguished, ihe Hon. M. G. Samaniego 
stands in the front rank, being identified with every progressive movement 
that has taken place during the last thirty years. During the Indian up- 
risings, his business of freighting for the government military posts exposed 
him to constant loss and peril. He was a member of the jury empaneled to 
try the actors in the Fort Grant massacre. He was the first assessor elected 
in Pima county, has served four terms in the city council and four on 
the board of county supervisors, represented the county in the legislature 
and was appointed one of the first regents of the university. At present he 
is a member of the board of supervisors, regent of the university, trustee of 
the Catholic cathedral, a leading member of the Spanish-American society, 
and charter member of the Philarmonic club. These distinctions are cited 
merely to show our reader the high esteem we entertain for our Spanish- 
American citizens, and this is no solitary instance of our appreciation. 

Mr. Samaniego suffered much from the Indians in early days, and lost 
his brother at Willow Springs, Graham county, as late as 1881, together with 
all his freighting stock. His energy was undaunted by reverses and he 
made new opportunities until he acquired more than he had lost. lie is now 
one of our largest property owners and is interested in stock raising and 
other industries. As proprietor of the principal stage lines in the coiinty, 
running regularly to Oro Blanco, Arivaca, Nogales and Mammoth, he is in 
close touch with our resources, and pronounces them unapproachable. As 
a prominent member of the Society of Arizona Pioneers, he links the past 
with the present and shares the glory of the upbuilding of the future com- 
monwealth of Arizona. 

On the 1st of January next, Tucson will be entitled to free 
mail delivery under the postal regulations, and this fact 
Thirty Years ^^^ reminded Mr. W. W. Williams, the reliable real estate 

. and insurance agent, of the postal facilities thirty years 

^ * ago. Mr. Williams was a member of the old firm of I^ord 

& Williams, one of the pioneer merchandising and banking 
establishments of Arizona. In 18G4 there were no regular mail facilities, and 
private letters only reached here through the courtesy of the army officers, 
and when there happened to be room in the mail pouches for them. Mr. Wil- 
liams instances as a case of rapid transit a letter mailed in New York, Oc- 
tober 3, which reached Cerro Colorado May 31 of the following year. The 
mails were carried by express riders, who were often stopped by Indians, 
and on such occasions everything, including the mail carrier, went to a dead 
letter office not established by the government. 



The Story of the Sun-Kifised Land. 39 

Transportation was equally precarious. Merchandise was brought over- 
land from California or by steamer to the Gulf, up the river to Yijma, and 
thence by wagon to Tucson, at a cost of twenty cents per pound in gold, 
greenbacks being worth only forty-flve cents. Goods from the East by ox- 
wagons through New Mexico cost about the same, and required from ten to 
twelve months for the trip. Nevertheless, the old firm of Lord & Williams 
carried a stock of nearly $200,000 and controlled the chief trade of Southern 
Arizona and Sonora. 

In 1867, -Tucson was a typical frontier town, with a popula- 
tion of about 1,300, of whom not less than 1,000 were Mex- 
Further leans. The chief industry was the furnishing of supplies 

Particulars. to the government at exorbitant prices. The paymaster ar- 

rived every six months and for a short time money was 
plentiful. Gambling was a recognized profession, and the 
money was concentrated so swiftly that in a few weeks currency disappeared 
from general circulation and vouchers took its place. The code of honor 
was supreme, and a common danger made men fearless and resolute. A 
man's life was not safe a mile from town, for the Apache claimed to rule the 
sul)urbs absolutely. Every inducement was held out to them to preserve 
the peace, and they made many promises of good behaviour, none of which 
they kept longer than was necessary to gather a new stock of ammunition 
and recruit their forces. 

This condition of affairs culminated in the so-called Fort Grant massacre, 
further particulars of which have been furnished us by the Hon. Sam. H. 
Drachman, who reached Tucson, September 4, 1867. 

"I had a contract to deliver 1,000 tons of hay at old Camp Grant when 
the trouble began, and had a, great deal of it stacked when peace was ar- 
ranged, and the Indians signaled to outlying bands by setting my stacks on 
fire. The murdering of settlers went on just the same, however, and the 
people of Tucson were finally so aroused that they determined to take mat- 
ters into their own hands. 

William Oury, since deceased, wrote to me to call upon Lieut. Whit- 
man and request him to stop giving passes to the Indians. I did so, but no 
attention was paid to my request, and I so informed Mr. Oury. 

The result was that a force of 150 men, Americans, Mexicans and Papago 
Indians, was quietly organized and marched to Old Fort Grant, arriving 
there at the break of day. Negotiations were opened with the Apaches by a 
deadly fusilade that made 193 good Indians, and there being no more to 
negotiate with, the party retraced their steps to Tucson. 

As soon as the authorities at Washington were informed of the 'mas- 
sacre,' an official was sent out to prosecute all concerned. Warrants were 
issued for the majority of the participants and they were brought to trial. 
The trial lasted thirty days and resulted, as might have been expected, in a 
verdict of 'Not Guilty,' the presumption being that the Apaches had com- 
mitted suicide. 

This sudden retribution brought peace to Southern Arizona for a num- 
ber of years, and struck terror into the heart of the cowardly Apache." 

In 1867 there were about half a dozen stores in Tucson, 

well stocked with all kinds of merchandise, but the prices 

Prices in were not the popular ones of to-day by any means, for it 

1878, took from three to twelve months to replenish the stocks. 

Hon. Sam. PI. Drachman gives us some quotations on 

staple articles, as follows: 

Coal oil, $8 per gallon; sugar, 75 cents per pound; coffee, ,$1.50; common 

soap, 50 cents a bar; calicoes, 50 cents a yard, and other goods in proportion. 

The advent of the railroad changed all this, and at the present time 
eastern prices generally prevail. 



•40 



Treasure Land. 




San Xavier Hotel : 1, Side View. 

2. Diniiis Room. 

3. Bar. 



Here the 
Weary Rest. 



A sarcastical philosopher, who had traveled extensively, 
remarked that, "Any one can run a hotel," because he 
found that nearly everyone tried to do it. We know, how- 
ever, that the business calls for the possession of rare 
abilities and long experience, and only a few really achieve 
success in it. While we can not compete in size and 
style, or even in prices, with the Eastern hotel, the traveler who visits 
Tucson will find ample and pleasant accommodation. 

The San Xavier hotel, at the depot of the Southern Pacific railroad, has 
everything to recommend it, and the proprietor, Capt. J. H. Tevis, is one 
of the most genial hosts that ever lived. He came to Arizona in 1857, one 
year before the overland stage began to run; commanded the first regiment 
of rangers raised in Arizona, and had charge of the perilous station at 
Apache pass. He founded the town of Teviston (Bowie station), and has 
been actively engaged in mining, merchandising and hotel-keeping for all 
the years he has been here. 

He assumed charge of the San Xavier, May 22, 1897, and with his ac- 
customed energy, entirely refurnished the capacious dining room, and made 
other changes that add materially to the comfort and elegance of the fes- 
tablishment. The hotel is situated on the highest point of the city and 
commands a fine view of the pine-clad Santa Catalinas and Santa Ritas, and 
an almost endless vista of undulating mesa, from the balconies. 

The accompanying views will give the reader a better idea of the hotel 
and its situation can can be conveyed in words. 



LiFF IS Pleasant 



?\ND 



[ lERF AKF TPFASUI^ES Or HEALTH. 




1. Sabino Canyon, near Tucson. 

2. La Ventana, Summit of Sta. Catalina Mts, 

3. Silver Lake, near Tucson. 



Oh, hear vie away to that favored clime. 

Where Life reclines on the lap of Time, 

And you watch the smiling years roll by, 

While you list to the gentle lullaby 

Of zephyrs that play with the brigld sunbeams, 

A7id the flowers that bloom in that Land of Dreams. 



42 Treasiire Laud. 



The 



In bulletin No. 20, of the Uuivei'sity Experiment Station, 



the question of Temperature is so thorougliiy covered 
Temperature that we make no apology to our reader for reproducing 
in Arizona ^^ almost entire. 

In any inquiry regarding Arizona the question first 
raised is that of temperature. The widely circulated tales of the would-be 
humorists have done more than all else to give Arizona the name of being 
uninhabitable. Generations of actual residents will have passed away 
before the harmful effects of these thoughtless tales wholly disappear, and 
the knowledge secures general recognition that this region is not the 
desert it has been represented. 

The simple thermometei' does not measure temperatures as felt by 
animal life. We may term the reading of an accurate thermometer the 
actual, and the sensation of heat or cold as felt by the higher orders of 
animal life the sensible temperature. Neither of these is a measure of 
the other, but the humidity of the air must be considered in connection 
witli the actual temperature. The reputation of Arizona has long suf- 
fered from the prevalent ignorance on this point. Records of maximum 
temperatures enable comparisons to be made which appear unfavorable 
to Arizona, and lead to the belief that the heat of this so-called desert 
i-egion must be almost, if not wholly, unendurable. 

Everybody knows something about that condition of the 
No MU^?y weather which is variously termed "sultry," "close," or 

"muggy," the result of a combination of heat and moist 
Weather. air, especially noticeable in the states bordering upon 

large bodies of water, such as the Gulf of Mexico or 
the Great Lakes, and it is conspicuously absent from Arizona. 

In the dry air of this territory "sun-strokes" are un- 
p^Q known, while in the Mississippi valley and the states 

lying eastward, prostrations from heat and fatalities are 
oUn-StrOke. numerous whenever the thermometer indicates 90° F. 

or upwards. At many places' along the sea coast where 
tlie humidity always remains near the point of saturation, a temperature 
of 85° brings excessive discomfort, and exertion or exposure to tlie sun 
is extremely hazardous, but men and the lower animals perform in safety 
their customary labor beneath the cloudless skies of Arizona under the 
liigiiest temperatures ever experienced here. The dry air induces ex- 
ceedingly rapid evaporation of the abundant perspiration, thus keeping 
tlie body at a comparatively low temperature. As a matter of coui'so, 
the supply of fluid must be maintained, hence the great thirst so ofloi 
experienced by travelers, and the imperative necessity for an adequate 
supply of drinking water. 

An amount ranging from 1.5° to perhaps 30°. according to the hu- 
midity, should be subtracted from the records of maximum actual tem- 
peratures during the hot season in Arizona to indicate the sensible tem- 
peratures. 

The University of Arizona, near Tucson, is situated in latitude 32° 
14' N., longitude 110° 53' W., elevation 2,430. Its climate is fairly rep- 
I'esentative of a large portion of Southern Arizona, which must always 
remain the chief agricultural portion of the territory. For purposes of 
comparison of the climate of Southern Arizona with that of other localities, 
ten stations of the weather bureau have been chosen, which form, with 
Tucson, a continuous circuit of the United States, starting from Florida, 
crossing the Gulf states to the Pacific ocean; thence eastward across a 
more northern tier of states to the Atlantic ocean, at Boston: 



Life is Pleasant and. Here arc Tieasures of Health. 
MAXIMUM TEMPERATURES IN 1893. 



43 



Temperatures 
Compared. 



S C !> c^ 



Station. 



Jacksonville, Pla 

New Orleans, La 

Galveston, Tex 

University of Arizona, 

Tucson 

Los Angeles, Oal 

San Francisco, Cal. . . 

Denver, Colo 

St. Paul, Minn 

Chicago, 111 

Albany, N. Y 

Boston, Mass 



Feet. 



43 

54 
42 

2,432 
330 
153 

5,287 

850 

824 

85 

120 





u 

CS 


a 




cd 


(D 


i-s 


^ 



72 


89 


72 


72 


70 


72 


73 


80 


84 


79 


60 


69 


64 


60 


33 


37 


46 


46 


45 


51 


53 


53 



95 
94 
90 

107 
90 
90 
94 
91 
85 
95 
94 



100 
94 

92 

107 
89 
74 
96 
98 
94 
92 
91 



95 
93 
91 

102 
92 
72 
92 
97 
95 
94 
93 



100 
95 
92 

107 
92 
90 
96 
98 
95 
96 
94 



From an inspection of this table it will be seen that the maxiniuui 
winter temperatures of Southern Arizona are very nearly the same as 
those of the Gulf states. Those of summer are considerably higher, but 
taking into account the relative humidity at the same stations, the sum- 
mer climate of Arizona is far less trying than that of the states border- 
ing on the Gulf of Mexico. Thus the Jime temperature of 107° at 
Tucson with relative liumidity at only 22 per cent, is far preferable to 
that of any other city in the list with temperatures of 85° to 95° and 
lumiidity at 65 to 83 per cent. 



A Bear Hunt 

in the 
St. Catalinas. 



On the 1st of November I went up to the pinery east 
of Mt. Lemmon, prepared for bear. After wandering 
about, climbing crags and following the windings of 
dark ravines for three hours, 1 decided to lest, and 
reacliing the brow of a steep declivity, I threw myself 
at full length under the overhanging branches of a fine maple, whose 
glistening leaves, now tinged with gold, evoked vivid memories of my 
eastern home. 

Accidentally glancing across the narrow valley I saw a big black 
bear with two well grown cubs. The bear saw me at the same in- 
stant, and looked towards me with such an expression of confidence in 
my good intentions that I could not at flrst find it in my heart to shoot. 
But the hunting instinct prevailed over finer feeling, and aiming at her 
breast, I fired. 

The beast .lumped forward through the brush into the valley and 
up the hill toward me, and 1 was so overcome with nervousness that I 
never thought of firing again, but sought safety on a limb of the tree, 
about twenty feet from the ground, leaving my rifle on the ground. TIu^ 
l)ear came within a few j-nrds of the tree, took a good look at me, and 
sniffing contemptuously, returned to her cubs. 

Her departure restored my courage, and its evident contem])t made 
me angiy to blood-thirstiness. 1 descended from my perch, seized my 
rifle, and advancing to the edge of the valley sighted my game fidlicing 
up the moimtain side with her cubs. 



44 Treamire Land. 

This time a cub got in the way of the bullet, but the trio continued 
their journey with apparent unconcern. I followed the trail for auother 
shot until darkness approached, when I returned to camp. 

Next morning I saddled a burro to carry the bear when I killed it, 
and striking a faint trail of blood, followed it a mile along the summit 
until it was lost in a tangle of wild blackberries and ferns. 

While I debated which direction to take I heard a low groan, and 
taking a position under a low cherry tree I waited for the groaner to 
appear. In a few moments the bear came forth, followed by her cubs; 
she held her nose high in the air, and smelling her tormentor of the 
previous day, rushed towards me. I tired a shot at her breast and 
evidently hit her somewhere, for she jumped up and then fell back and 
rolled down the hill, the cubs scrambling after in comical amazement. 

I looked over and saw the animal sitting up, with the cubs about her 
crying pitifully. I was merciless though and fired another shot, which 
met an adverse current of air somewhere and sizzed away from the 
mark. 

Then I beheld the strangest scene I ever witnessed. Forgetful of 
her own sufferings the bear caught her cubs and drew them to her 
breast as if to protect them; one of them pulled away and she reached 
for it again, and hugged both to her breast like a human mother, while 
her great strange eyes seemed to appeal to me to spare them. 

So striking was the appeal that I could not find it in my heart to 
try to hit her again. I untied my burro and returned to camp, feeling 
that I had nearly committed a murder. 

Believes in ^^- Mark a. Rodgers, a member of the American 

Climatological Society, has issued a pamphlet on "The 

Out Door Climate of Arizona," which covers the subject fully. 

Life, and for the benefit of our readers we subjoin a few 

extracts from this publication: 

"My experience has impressed upon me the necessity for out-door 
life in the treatment of pulmonary tuberculosis. In order that the patient 
may live continuously in the open air for a period of several months, or, 
for that matter, for a year, or several years, a climate is required which 
is continuously warm and dry. Such a climate the United States does 
not possess, but the nearest approach to it is in Arizona. 

"Physicians rarely send their patients to the arid regions during the 
summer, and this I consider a great mistake. The patients should be 
sent to the arid regions so soon as there is evidence of infection from the 
tubercle bacillus, and should be made to remain there until they are well, 
or until it is apparent that the case is hopeless. For those who can 
stand warm weather, I think the summers much better than the win- 
ters, for, owing to the heat, everybody is compelled to sleep out of doors, 
and this I consider more important than any other feature of the climate. 

"If they have the means to travel about, there are many places of 
interest which they can visit, and thus add greatly to their pleasures. 
For example, during the hot months of summer, the patient may visit 
many of the most interesting and remarkable natural wonders which the 
world possesses, among which may be mentioned the Grand Canon of 
the Colorado, the Wind Carved Rocks, the Petrified Forests and Cliff 
Dwellings. The numerous ruins, which are found all over the territory, 
with their hieroglyphics and pictoglyphics, Avill repay investigation by the 
student of ethnology. In the country surrounding Flagstaff, in the San 
Francisco mountains, is the largest unbroken pine forest in the United 
States, and here the sportsman will find deer, antelope and bear, not to 
speak of small game aud fish." 



Life is Pleasdiil timJ litre arc Trcdniirrs of Health. i5 

But the health-seeker need not go so far for a summer 
fjppA i\Jnt Tn outing. The wooded ranges of the Santa Catalinas and 

nccu i^ui uu saxxtVL Ritas, within a few miles of Tucson, afford all 

So Far. the recreation he needs in the way of moderate tem- 

perature, hunting or scenery. 
In the southern part of the county, in the Huachuca and Patagonia 
mountains, is some of the finest scenery in tlie world, with hunting and 
tishing to the heart's content. If he does not care to camp out, the 
city of Nogales has good hotel accommodations and a summer tempera- 
ture that can not be excelled, with mountain and forest to its very limits. 
"During the greater part of the year the inhabitants of 
No Insects or southern Arizona sleep out of doors. It is difficult at 
first to induce the 'tenderfoot' to sleep in the open air. 
Reptiles. He has visions of tarantulas, scorpions and centipedes, 

which are disquieting. In the course or time, how- 
ever, he learns that these insects are so rare as to be curiosities, and 
that their sting is to be dreaded not so much as that of a California 
. ilea. The sensational Arizona tales of poisonous reptiles and insects, of 
murderous Apache raids, and of cow-boy and desperado shooting scrapes 
liave no modern foundation in truth. 

"Many physicians in the East order patients to California for the 
winter, apparently with a view of sending them to a dry climate. The 
relative humidity in southern California is as great, and in some in- 
stances greater, than that of the Atlantic coast, and 
Better than niany of the best physicians in California regularly send 

their tubercular and asthmatic patients to Tucson. Cal- 
California. ifornia is a beautiful country, but the fogs which come 

in from the sea, and the euinuations from the vast irri- 
gated regions, make it far inferior to the inland desert regions for 
phthisical patients. I think it may be assumed as a general rule that 
wherever there is irrigation there is a high degree of relative humidity, 
and patients suffering from pulmonary phthisis should never be sent 
to an irrigated district. Indeed, some of the California physicians have 
declared that 'irrigation and malaria go together.' 

"The city of Tucson has, in my opinion, advantages as 
Tucson is ^ health resort which can not be equalled anywhere in 

North America. I know of no locality Avhere such a 
First. moderate winter climate and such a low degree of 

relative huraidity are combined with the same latitude 
and altitude. It is no longer considered imperative to send tubercular 
patients to an altitude of 5,000 feet, or over. In fact, clinical experience 
has proven that more frequently patients require to be sent to an alti- 
tude of less, rather than more than 3,000 feet. The altitude of Tucson 
is 2,400 feet, and that seems to be amply high for all but the most 
exceptional cases. The city is situated in a basin near the underground 
Santa Cruz river. It is completely walled in by massive mountain ranges. 
To the north is the Santa Catalina range; to the east, the Rin'con; to the 
south, the Santa Rita, and on the west, the Tucson. Each of these 
ranges has an altitude of 5.000 feet, at least. Moimt Lemon, the highest 
peak of the Santa Catalinas. has an elevation of 10.000 feet, and Mount 
Wrightson, in the Santa Rita.s. reaches an altitude of nearly 11.000 feet. 

"The scenery at Tucson is as impressive as anywhere in the Rocky 
mountains, and the gorgeous sunrises and sunsets beggar description. 

"During the nine months, October to June, inclusive, 1894-5, there were 
but twenty-five cloudy days, and nine of these were in one month. Some 
idea of the transparency of the atmosphere may be had when I state 
that, at midday, and Mith the unaided eye, I have seen Venus when it 
was but ten degrees east of the sun. 



46 



Trcftsurc Land. 



"The writer feels kirsdly toward Arizona. One year aj;o, 
One of the '^ Philadelpliia, he was attacked with tAvo hemorrhages 

from the lnng:s; he had a bad cough, and was losing 
Cured. tlesh rapidly. On the advice of a distinguished member 

of the Climatological Society, he came to Tucson. Since 
(hat time he has gained twenty-six pounds in weight, and now is a Avell 
man." 




Cactis (tARDKX. 

Among the curiosities of the Santa Cruz valley is a jarr 
A MarsUOial ^^^^ ^ ^^^ ^^ found in the river in large quantities. In 

size it is iusigniticant, but the manner in wliich its yomig 
Fish. is produced is contrary to all precedent. Unlike otliors, 

it does not spawn, but incubates its young after the 
manner of the mammals. We do not know whether or not any scientific 
observation has been made of tliis siiecies. and couhl not credit tlie fad 
imtil we proved it by personal investigation. 



Tj'fe ix Ph'dsdnf and Here (U-e Trcasiiri'i^ of JTcallh. 47 

After referring to the fact that our best authority ou 
Do Trees Grow American forests credits Arizona with the possession of 
the largest \inl5rolien forest areas in the United States, 
in Arizona? rrof. J. W. Toumey, professor of botany in the Univer- 
sity of Arizona, gives some particulars in a recent pub- 
lication, as follows: 

"The Yellow Pine {Pinns poiiderosa) is the only species of Arizona pine 
covering large areas suitable for lumber. It is a beautiful tree, frequently 
live feet or more in diameter. Althoiigh this pine is the most abundant 
and widely distril>uted of our. forest trees, the lumber products of a num 
ber of other species arc of some importance, but on accoiuit of the inor(> 
inaccessible regions in which they grow they have not. as yet, been utilized 
to a very great extent. The yellow pine is usually found at an elevation 
between 5,500 and 7,500 feet, and at a conservative estimate it occurs in 
quantity sufficient to provide, at the present rate of consumption, for at 
least a century. 

"Above the zone of yellow pine occur species of white pine, fir, balsam 
and spruce, while the trees in the zone immediately below are mostly nut 
pines and junipers, intern)ingled with a variety of deciduous species. 

"The Mesquite is the most important of the deciduous trees of Southern 
Arizona. It provides fuel over large areas where other trees are meager 
and scattered. The wood is about as heaA'y as o;ik, and the fuel value is 
equal, coi-d for cord, to hickory. Its durability, exposed to the Aveather 
or submerged in Avater, is very great, hence it is of cousidei'able value for 
fence posts and other similar uses. 

"The foliage, and more especially the ripened pods, contain a high per- 
centage of nutriment, and make excellent forage. This tree has a greater 
variety of uses than any other American tree. 

"The genei'al impression is that Arizona has but few species of in- 
digenous trees. Quite to the contrary, however, the number of our native 
species is excelled by but few states in the Union. Among our indigenous 
• trees are nine species of pine, ten of oak, three of palo-verde, three of ash, 
besides maple, walnut, sycamore, locust, alder, elder, fir, cj'-press, balsam, 
spruce, cherry, arbutus, juniper, and many others of less importance. 

"A number of our trees grow to considerable size— black oak, four and 
one-half feet in diameter, Avalnut four feet, Avhde some of oiu' nortliern 
pines and firs are CA'en larger. 

"There is but little question that Avhen the people of Arizona liecomc 
fully aAvakened to the value of a munber of our native trees and shrubs 
for ornamental purposes, a much more extended use will be made of them. 
They will be groAAm in preference to the much less hardy plants from other 
places. 

"Our native trees and shrubs will groAV Avith a limited amount of care 
and a minimum supply of Avater. Introduced species groAvn for ornamental 
purposes, as a rule, require more care and AA'ater than many can afford to 
give them. As a single illustration, oiu' native white ash {Fraxinuf^ rcliitiiui) 
is a most A-aluable .shade tree for general purposes, being of rapid growth 
and of but little expense." 



The Flora of 



From the grassy mesa we see, on the mountain tops the 
tall pines, and below tlie foothills, broAvn and piu-ple, 
the St. Cata- ^lic brilliant verdure of the cottouAA'ood and sycamore, re- 
link lVlt<i lieved by the darker foliage of the mesquite and iron- 
Avood. If AA'o take a ride up the canons Ave may see 
juniper, oak, ash, alder and Avalnut, but aa^c catch no glimpse of the glorious 
flora hidden in the wilderness of mountain gidch and crag above us. lie 
who AA'ould revel in nature's prodigality must seek the higher spots, and 



48 



Ti-edHiirc Land. 



there, where the pine growth begins, he Avill find, from March to August, 
a flora that will amaze while it delights, bringing with it refreshing 
memories of climes lighted by the sunshine of youth, and associations sev- 
ered perhaps forever. 

He will find six varieties of the graceful campanula, a number of rhodo- 
dendrons, and in early April the sweet, red-cheeked strawberry of the wild 
woods, and luscious blackberries hiding in luxurious grass, reaching above 
his waist. 

Last spring, at an elevation of 3,000 feet. I counted no less than twenty 
varieties of blooming plants within a circle of less than ten yards in diam- 
eter, forming, with the ferns and grasses, a floral carpet that nature's 
loom never excelled for beauty, while the surrounding trees were decked 
with evergreen ivy. 





Giant Caotls. 



A YOUNU (ilAM. 



Life is Pleasant and Here are Treasures of Health. JO 

We have a number of letters and interviews to tlie same 
Should Stav eflfect as the following. They emphasize our statement 

^ that, in order to get the best results from our climate, a 

With It. continuous residence is necessary when the disease is 

deep-seated: "For several years before coming to South- 
ern Arizona I had been afflicted with a severe cough, and my lungs were 
badly diseased. I traveled extensively without finding more than tempo- 
rary relief, but began to improve permanently as soon as I reached this 
warm, dry climate. Within six months the cough left me, but for several 
years afterwards would return as soon as I changed from this climate to 
California or the Eastern states; but now, after a residence of eight years, 
I consider myself completely cured and can live almost anywhere. 

"My experience is the same as that of nearly every person who has 
given this climate a fair trial, but any one who expects to eradicate an or- 
ganic disease like consumption, which is the result of years of neglect or 
heredity predisposition, in the time covered by a return ticket to Arizona, 
had better stay at home and save his money for funeral expenses. 

"It is an admitted fact that no medical treatment has yet been discov- 
ered that will cure pulmonary consumption. The only cure is that of cli- 
mate, and in Southern Arizona the warm, dry atmosphere 
The Only Cure ^^*^ '^^ ^ healing balm to the bleeding, diseased lungs, 
while the pores are kept open, and the impurities of the 
is Clillia.te. system, that in harsher climates make a combined at- 

tack upon weak lungs, are allowed to escape through 
the skin. 

"To secure a cure the patient must expect to undergo privations and 
often hardships. Luxurious hotels are not what he needs; an out-of-door 
life is necessary. The patient also needs something to constantly divert 
his attention from the disease. In the hotels he meets people suffering like 
himself, and the effect is bad for all. 

"Traveling and seeing new scenes divert his mind, while exercise in- 
sures a good appetite, and the pure, warm atmosphere affords a curative 
application to his lungs as often as he breathes. 

"While I am aware that, should Southern Arizona become a resort for 
invalids afflicted with pulmonary diseases, it would be the means of adding 
much profit to the business of the country, this consideration does not in- 
fluence me to make this statement. This class of unfortunate people has 
enough to contend with, without being lured away from home and friends 
by our holding out false hopes; but the universal relief given to persons 
afflicted like myself, who came here to lengthen their lives, warrants what 
I have said." 

The opinion of a physician who has practiced here for 
The Reason ^^^ past fourteen years is worthy of attention, and we 

have that of Dr. W. H. Fermer to present to our readers. 
Why. As surgeon for the Southern Pacific company, in addition 

to a large private practice, he has valuable opportunities 
to observe the course of disease and the effects on classes and individuals. 
He characterizes the general health of the permanent residents of Tucson 
as excellent, the largest percentage of deaths being among the poorer 
class of Mexicans, who are unable or unwilling to obtain medical atten- 
tion or observe the commonest rules of hygiene. The general health of the 
city is good. Contagious diseases, when. they appear, run an unusually mild 
course, and this is accounted for by the somewhat rarified air. containing a 
very small percentage of moistiu-e, and the great amount of sunlight, con- 
ditions that do not conduce to the life and growth of the various disease- 
producing bacteria. In the individual the activity of the skin is increased, 
the circulation augmented, respiration quickened and deepened, the appe- 



50 Treasure Land. 

lite improved; and tho ability to spend many hours in the open air adds a 
tonic, the effect of which is surprising to those who have not spent a win- 
ter on these elevated and dry plateaus. 

In the winter season, even though the sunshine is hot, the air is cool 
and invigorating, because the heat absorbed by the air fi-om the sun's rays 
depends upon the quantity of aqueous vapor in the air. This is well illus- 
trated by the fact that while our summers are long and hot, no one suffers 
in health, because the air, being dry. absorbs a small portion of the heat. 
When the thermometer reaches a figure that would appal a resident of New 
York, men and animals labor in the sun Avlthout suffering, and disease is 
held in abeyance; in fact, so long as the air is dry and the sun shines 
brightly, good health prevails. Experience proves that the climate of 
Tucson is specially efficacious in cases of pulmonary phthisis taken in early 
stages, and in cases where there is only an inherited tendency; in ex- 
haustion from overwork, chronic catarrh and all diseases of the respiratory 
organs; in diseases of the stomach and kidneys, and asthma, when not of 
organic origin. The climate is not a specific for organic disease of the 
heart or blood-vessels, nor for rheumatic and gouty affections, although 
such cases have been relieved. 

The best effects of our climate attend a residence of long duration, the 
patients availing themselves of the moderate summer temperature of our 
elevated localities during the extreme heat. Only by the observance of this 
rule can a permanent cure be insured. 

The flowers that bloom in the spring, tra-la! have been 
The CereuS celebrated in song and story, but the flowers that bloom 

in the winter have not been so honored because they are 
Eng'elmanni. too scarce to attract attention, and yet there is one which 

is immortalized in the saintly calendar of Mexico, and 
which the humble devotee in the wilds of Arizona .justly treasures as a 
memorial of faith rewarded and hope renewed. It is known to botanists as 
the Cereus engelmanni, and bears an edible fruit of an acid flavor; the 
spines all fall off when the fruit ripens, being evidently designed by nature 
to protect the floAver and embryo. 

A variety of this species is credited with participation in a miracle, and 
if the reader Mill promise to refrain from attempting to pronounce the 
names given, we Avill endeavor to convey the traditional account of the 

founding of the Sanctuary of the Virgin of Guadalupe, 
The Virgin of *^^^ patron saint of Mexico. 

.Tuan Diego was a poor, converted Indian, born in the 
Guadalupe. pueblo of Cuautitlan, who earned a modest living in 

Tolpetlac, whence he made frequent journeys to Santi- 
ago Tlatilulco to drink in the inspired words of the holy Franciscan 
fathers. 

One day, while crossing a hill called Tepetlyecaczol, covered with thorny 
cactus and sharp-edged stones, he heard music so singularly sweet and 
harmonious that he stopped, ravished with delight, and sought to discover 
whence it proceeded. Then he saw a rainbow of iridescent colors, and in 
the midst of it a white, transparent cloud, and reclining on the cloud a 
lovely female, clad in the richest Indian garb, such as was worn by the 
Aztec princesses. 

Moved by an irresistible impulse, Juan Diego approached the divino 
(igure, which addressed him in his own tongue, informing him that she 
was the mother of God, and desired that a temple be erected there to her 
lionor. She promised protection and comfort to all who might come to 
Avorship at the shrine, and commanded the enrapt Indian to tell the bishop 
all that he had seen and heard. Diego boAved his head and promised to 
obey, and then the celestial vision disappeared. 



TJfe is Pletisant and Here are Treasiu-es of Health. 51 

It was only after mncli ditRculty that the poor Indian obtained an inter- 
view with Juan de Zumarraga, the bishop of Mexico, and imparted all 
that he had seen and heard, but the bishop, naturally enough, refused to 
credit the story, and Juan Diego returned home disconsolate. 

But the A'irgin was determined that the temple should be built, and 
stopped the Indian every time he crossed Tepetlyecaczol, until the poor 
fellow, despairing of being able to carry out her wishes, avoided the hill. 
This, however, was of no avail, for she appeared to him again and bade 
him ascend the hill and gather the flowers he would find there and bear 
them to the bishop. 

He obeyed and bore the beautiful and fragrant flowers to the bishop, 
who, being unacquainted with the floral possibilities of the country, was 
amazed to see wild flowers in the depth of winter, but his amazement 
turned to reverent fear when the Indian let down the points of his apron 
to display the flowers and revealed on the coarse rnanta the face of the 
Holy Virgin, painted as no human hand could paint it. He and those 
with him fell prostrate before the miraculous sign, and when they recovered 
their equanimity, immediately proceeded to found the sanctuary which is 
to-day the most loved and revered in Mexico. 

The corredor de camino, clmrrea or road-runner, a species 

jjjg of pheasant found in Southern Arizona, is so called from 

the fact that it is often seen running along traveled 

Road-Runner, roads. 

It is remarkably tame, and its life is respected for 
the good work it does in the destruction of reptiles. Finding a snake asleep, 
a couple of these birds will gather the prickly leaves of the cholla and sur' 
round his snakeship with a circular hedge of bristling thorns, and then 
arouse him with shrill cries and fluttering wings. As few snakes will 
cross even a horsehair rope, a hedge of cactus thorns is as impassable as a 
twelve-foot wall, and the cJmrreas know this. They tantalize the impris- 
oned serpent from their position of safety until he finally becomes ex- 
hausted, when they quietly jump over and administer the finishing touches 
with their long, tough beaks. 

One of the Tucson pleasiue resorts is known as Silver 
lake, about one and one-half miles from the city, and 
Silver Lake. owned by the Hon. Fred. Maish. It is a delightful place 

to pass an afternoon in summer. The lake comprises 
an expanse of clear water twenty acres in area, fringed 
with groves of trees. There is a fine hotel on the edge of the water, and 
bathing and boating facilities are provided for visitors. In addition to the 
other attractions is a fine carp pond, Avhere the lovers of the piscatorial sci- 
ence can lie in the shade of sighing trees and pass the pleasant hours, and 
fill their baskets with unfortunate carp. Mr. Maish's residence is com- 
fortable and pleasant, surrounded with orchard and garden, and reached 
through an avenue of stately sycamores. 

Among the naturial curiosities and curative agents at- 
AS'Ua Caliente tached to our wonderful climatic and scenic advantages, 
^ . the hot springs of Agva Caliente are preeminent. 

Hot Sprin§:s. At the invitation of Mr. Phil. H. Chambers, the 

genial proprietor of Agua Caliente, we visited his place, 
in order to verify for ourselves the glowing accounts ^ve had heard. 
The ranch is situated at the foot of the Santa Catalina mountains, about 
sixteen miles from Tucson, and reached over as fine a road as can be 
found in the new-road districts of the East. It is 160 acres in extent, 
most of the area not occupied by buildings and corrals being under cul- 



5"2 Treasure Land. 

(ivnlicMi. ()niii.i;os lioro irjieh perfection, never being touched by frosi, 
and iMr. Chanii)eis is contident that even the banana will do well. In 
March some of his alfalfa reached a height of four and one-half feet, 
and he had samples in June seven feet in length. There is no tropical 
Iruit grown in the United States that will not reach perfection here, 
and this pecxdiar condition is due entirely to the pecidiar natural condi- 
tions produced by the unseen forces of nature beneath the surface. 

The hot mineral springs bubble out of the solid rock, and at present 
supply about tifty miner's inches of water of a temperature of 100°. 
It is clear as crystal bat strongly impregnated with minerals, among which 
are magnesia, sulphur, glauber salts, iron, etc. An analysis made at the 
University of Arizona shows these waters to contain excellent curative 
(jualities in cases of rheumatism and kidney complaints, and all those 
who have tried them claim that they are the most efficacious in the 
country. 

Uack of capital has hitherto prevented Mr. Chambers from fully car- 
rying out his ideas of development and ornamentation, but the demands 
of the new Tucson will attract wide-spread attention to the advantages 
of these springs, and all the rest will follow. 

A lily grows in the Santa Cruz valley that in beauty 

TheLilVOfthe ^"*^ fragrance surpasses any cultivated plant of the 

^ same species, and is purer in color than the well-known 

Valley. caiia. 

If plucked while budding and its stem placed in 
water impregnated with salt, it will continue to grow until it reaches 
l)erfection, and then after blooming a few days draws its petals towards 
the stamen and goes to seed. 

The Mexicans call it El lirio del valle. 

While its name might convey the idqa that this creature 
yup is a formidable relic of some past geological age, it 

is really an insect no larger than a grain of wheat, 
WOOlagOO. and as harmless as a butterfly, so far as man is con- 

cerned. He is an interesting study to the entomologist, 
and his methods of doing business are full of suggestions to the politician, 
as Avell as to the Reform Club. 

First selecting a proper location for his enterprise, he bores a hole 
in the groimd, throwing up a circle of earth of exceeding fineness, about 
an inch in height, and then covers himself with a mantle of pulverized 
real estate at the bottom of the hole. Curious insects ascend the breast- 
work, and the treacherous earth, moving like a quicksand, hurls them 
headlong to the bottom, whence no effort can raise them. If the in- 
truder has a bigger pull than the woolagoo, an abject apology is offered, 
;ind he is requested to get out the best way he can, otherwise he is 
disintegrated for commissary purposes. We do not know how the wool- 
agoo evacuates the hole when he desires to emigrate, but we presume 
that this emergency is provided for somehow. As a last resort he could 
nil it up and get out on top. 

We are indebted to Prof. .7. W. Toumey for the view of 
La Ventana (or WindoAv). an opening in the rocks on 

La Ventana. one of the highest peaks of the Santa Catalinas, which 

can be seen in the early morning from Tucson. The pro- 
fessor kindly furnished us with a description of the trip 

of his party to La Ventana, and we regret our inability to publish it in 

this issue. 



Life is Pleasant (did Here are Treasures of Healtli. oS 

THE ril» r INTERNATIONAL CONCil^E.SS OE MICPOBE5. 

(Compiled from the official report by N. H. M. for this book.) 

Siuce 1850, the progressive microbe element has tried to organize 

for the pm'pose of opposing the unscrupulous army of 

vivisectors, bacteriologists, pathologists and chemical 

At La.St. dynamiters seeking their extermination, but the dith- 

culty of gathering the widely scattered colonies appeared 

insurmountable until lately. The modern facilities for 

inter-communication and the dissemination of disease made it possible 

to unite, and on the initiation of the Boston Society of Progressive Tubercle 

Bacilli, the matter was deliuitely decided, and the 1st of May, 1897, 

llxed as the date of meeting. 

From the early part of April, representatives arrived from the four 
quarters of the earth, and entertained themselves by raising the death 
rate pending the formal opening of the congress. 

On the date fixed, the doors of the Globe theatre, of Boston, were 
opened Avide to the visiting hosts, Avho filled the vast auditorium from 
floor to dome. 

An eloquent address of welcome was delivered in a rich husky voice 
by Tubercle Bacillus, to which Cholera Coma, from Asia, responded in 
neatly chosen words. After a few remarks by several distinguished visi- 
tors, Bacillus of Diijhtheria reviewed the history of the persecution of 
his race, and called upon the congress to take strong measures against 
those who sought its destruction. In order to get at the sense of the 
assembly, he offered the following resolutions: 

W/terefl.v, We, the duly authorized delegates of the 
jjjg Pathogenic Bacteria, find ourselves harassed and per- 

secuted by unscrupulous people; and 
Resolutions. WUereas, We desire to assert our rights to the peace- 

ful pursuit of happiness, and are too Aveak to enforce 
them; 

Resolved, That this congress do petition President McKinley, the great 
American protector, to abolish all quarantines, boards of health, hygenic, 
bacteriologic and pathologic devices and combinations, and give, us that 
freedom of life and liberty to which we are entitled by reason of our 
existence, and furtheriuore, by arbitration, reciprocity, bond issue or 
treaty, secure for us in other lands the same inherited privileges. 

Resolved, That this congress considers vivisection in the interest of 
so-called medical science a barbarous practice, a relic of the dark ages, 
a wanton destruction of animal life and a blot upon our civilization. 

The resolutions were adopted enthusiastically and a recess taken till 
the following day in order to give the visitors an opportunity to make 
some interesting experiments in the lower parts of the city and become 
better acquainted with each other. 

* * * * * * * 

The president announced that the order of the day 
The Second would be to listen to the experience and warnings of 

prominent delegates, and introduced Cholera Bacillus 
Day. as the first speaker. 

After making several comparisons, Mr. Cholera was 
of the opinion that Mecca at certain seasons, and along the Ganges at 
all times, were the finest health resorts he had seen. For business pur- 
poses he preferred the Mohammedan religion to any other. 

Mr. Bubonic Pest, though a stranger to most of those present, spoke 
as if he knew them all. He had comfortable quarters in Asia, but would 
like to make a business trip around the world. So far his enemies 



r)4 Treasure Land. 

had failed in their efforts to overthrow his particular views on the Mal- 
thusian doctrine, and some had perished in the attempt. 

Yellotc Fever Bacillus despised cold weather and would not think of 
living at an altitude of over 2,400 feet. He felt most at home in the 
West Indies, although he made flying trips to different parts of the world 
to introduce his remedies for the affliction of life. 

Typhoid Fever preferred cold, moist climates, where the people ob- 
jected to pure air and water. He thought that the use of these ought 
to be legislated against, as they were always injurious to microbie ad- 
vancement. 

Bacillus of Rabies rather liked warm weather and was attached to 
dogs. He could do pretty good work as long as he was not molested 
by any Pasteur butchers. 

La Grippe liked to operate where extremes meet, and his practice 
was most successful when a sharp, cold wind followed warm days. He 
had circled the world several times and had found few enemies to 
oppose his triumphal march. 

Others followed, each vaunting his achievements and noting some 
evil tendency that might hereafter aff'ect their work, but the jewel of 
I he session was the closing address of the president: 

« *•* * « * * 

"Friends, for years we have labored, and to-day we 
The riosin? ^"^^ °^'^" ^^^P^^ realized, for here are assembled the rep- 

S resentatives of our race from all over the world, to 

Address. vent their grievances and unite in an effort to restore 

our ancient immunity from persecution, when the dying 
Thousands, appreciating our work, hailed us as the angels of the Al- 
mighty sent to purge them of their sins. 

"Many among you have done more brilliant work than I; my dear 
friends. Cholera, Bubonic Pest, Yellow Fever and La Grippe, have mar- 
velous campaign records, but theirs is the eruption of the volcano, the 
shock of the earthquake, which last but a short period and only reappear 
after long intervals. My work is continuous, though slow, and I can 
say, without vanity, that 20 per cent, of those relieved of mortal ills 
owe the result to me. For this reason men call me the King of Microbes, 
and the weight of honor means accumulated peril. I have been attacked 
by land and sea, with sword and artillery, with syringical flre and medi- 
cated water; they have sought to suffocate me with gases and brought 
their miserable batallions of science against me, but so far I am almost 
untouched. Like their poor, I am always with them, and with the as- 
sistance of Scrofula, Syphilis, Pneumonia and La Grippe my success has 
been great. 

"It is unnecessary .for me to mention in detail all the numberless 
assaults that have been made upon me in the last few years. Every day 
new mischief is brewing, but I still survive. 

"I do not vaunt my immunity, nor claim that I can preserve it for 
ever. There is dangei- for us all, and it behooves us to unite our ex- 
perience and effort, by gatherings like this, to combat the modern inno- 
vations. 

"In my travels, brethren, I have found a spot where 

» none of our race can prosper. Our children who are 

■^ born there become emaciated and perish, and none of 

Bad Climate. us can stay there long and live. I refer to Arizona, 

and especially to Tucson, whose peculiar climate is the 

most fatal on earth. Worse still, there will be a dozen sanitariums there 

in a few years, filled with our regular customers, who will not only im- 

])rove, but absolutely recover. Think of it! Incredible as it seems it 

is true, for on a late visit there I found many whom I had marked for 



Life is Pleasant and Here arc Treasures of Health. 



55 



my own, who laughed in my face with a long, loud, sonorous tone that 
caused me to shiver with horror. 

"There is only one way to prevent our customers from 
A Diabolical seeking this obnoxious climate. Tucson means death to 

us and our children, and to save them and ourselves 
Pl^n. we must use diabolical arts. We must hold them back 

until the last moment, then let them go and die there. 
This will discredit the place! 

"No one must be allowed to go until we have a firm grip of him; 
fill their minds and the minds of their relatives and friends with delusive 
hope; suggest pressure of business, loss of time and money, especially 
money, for most people love it better than life; in fact, anything to in- 
duce delay, for delay gives us absolute control. Let our watchwords be 
'Doivn icith Tucson, the enemy of microbes, and long live procrastination V " 



A Summer 
Resort. 



We have elsewhere 
called the atten- 
tion of the health- 
seeker to th e 
desirability of 
remaining in Arizona the whole year 
if he wishes to get the best effects of 
climatic treatment, but as the heated 
term may be too severe, he can find 
refuge in the cooler mountain resorts 
without losing any advantage. 

The climatic conditions are most 
happily realized at Oracle, situated 
at an altitude of 4,500 feet, near the 
southern boundary of Pinal county, 
and forty miles north of Tucson, with 
which city it has daily stage and mail 
communication. The stage route lies 
along the west side of the Catalina 
mountains, making a gradual ascent 
from Tucson of 2,000 feet. To the 
north and west stretches an undu- 
lating plain, sloping northward to the 
valley of the Gila, and on the south 
to the valley of the Santa Cruz. Close 
to the southward rises the rugged 
range of the Santa Catalina mountains 
whose peaks reach an altitude of 
10,000 feet. 

The foothills of the Catalinas and 
the adjacent mesa are covered with 
live oaks (quercus emorgi), whose 
growth afford picturesque and 
pleasing view, as well as a refreshing 
shade. 

Combined with the climatic 
features which characterize Arizona 
in general, Oracle enjoys special 
advantages arising from its unique 
topographic environment. 

The roads of the district are 
smooth and excellent for driving or 
horse-back riding, and for those inter- 
ested in hunting there are multitudes 





jO^ 



- <,'J3»^'!^-.. '. -V i'.Crt' i. 




i.(.-'lHu«£' 






1. Balance Rock, near Oracle. 

2. Live Oak, near Oracle. 

3. Mountain View Hotel, Oracle. 



56 



TreaHure Land. 



of quail and doves in the mesas, and in the mountains deer and bear. Cool, 
delicious water is obtained from wells bored into the granite strata of the 
mountain ranges, and its analysis attests its excellence for drinking and 
domestic uses. 

Combined with these natural advantages are the comforts and con- 
veniences of civilized life afforded by the two hotels located here, some par- 
ticulars of which will interest our readers: 

On a high prominence, and scarcely a quarter of a mile 

The Mountain fro™ the Arcadia, is the Mountain View hotel, which, 

iiuuu under the personal management of Mrs. Annie Neal, adds 

View. greatly to the popularity of Oracle both as a health and 

summer resort. The hotel is a spacious building, very 

attractive, and fitted with modern appliances. It contains twelve large, 

airy rooms, all of them witli outside exposures. There are two large halls, 

extending the full length of the building, fourteen feet wide by forty long. 

Elegant and spacious verandas extend around the building, and every room 

is fitted with hot and cold water service. The furniture of all the rooms is 

of oak, solid, substantial and artistic. 

The interior finish of the building is in oak and walnut, and is of ele- 
gant design. A large room has been set apart for billiards, and the floor 
of the room has been constructed with a view to use it for dancing when 
required. 

The kitchen is separate and distinct entirely from the hotel, and a deep 
well furnishes the water supply, which is copious, almost ice cold, and ab- 
solutely pure. The grounds surrounding the hotel are very beautiful, com- 
prising 160 acres, and are charmingly studded with grand oak trees. 





,\i:i ADiA Jlciii:!,, ()i:ai hi;. 



The Arcadia, of which Mr. E. S. Dodge is the proprietor, 

was tlie first to receive invited guests. Mr. Dodge set- 

The Arcadia. tied at this place sixteen years ago, engaging in the 

stock business, and it was probably due to the courteous 

hospitality extended by himself and estimable wife to 

strangers that the place first became known as a desirable resort for the 

health-seeker. He has from time to time built additions to his house, and 



Life is Pleasant and Here are Treasures of Health. 



57 



neat cottages near by, so that his premises are a veritable little village, 
where now can be found a coterie of wealthy, cultured Easterners, and, 
judging from their robust appearance, it is ditficult to imagine they were 
ever in delicate health. 

The hotel is well furnished throughout, has an extensive, well-selected 
library at the disposal of guests, and the table is supplied with every deli- 
cacy it seems could be desired, including cream, milk, butter, honey, eggs, 
poultry, beef and mutton, produced on the ranch. 



The first thing that impresses the visitor to Tucson is the 

reality of our prosperity and the absence of any inclina- 

All Our Own. ^^°^ *° "boom" the place. Whatever we have is ours, for 

we have made it without assistance from borrowed capital. 

Every building-, every industry and every improvement is 

the product of our own capital and enterprise, and this, 

perhaps, accounts for the fact that only vi^ithin the last year has any real 

effort been made to provide accommodation for visitors. They had not yet 

entered into our scheme of prosperity, and we simply attended to our own 

necessities; the world had passed us by so long that we ignored the world. 




New Orx0oi!kk Hotel: 



1. Piazza. 

2. Office. 

.3. Dining Room. 



Then the investor and the health-seeker forced themselves upon us, de- 
termined to share our advantages, and for hospitality's sake we had to adopt 
new principles. 

Mr. Chas. DeGroff and his estimable wife took the matter m hand on 
behalf of the community, purchased the old Cosmopolitan property, which 
they remodeled, renovated and furnished at great expense, and opened as 
the New Orndorff. 



58 Treasure Land. 

Mr. DeGroff came here originally for his health and is able to talk 
about our climate from experience, and sympathy probably Influenced him 
to a large extent in giving Tucson a really modern hotel. 

The New Orndorff is well adapted for hotel purposes, being located near 
enough to the business center to be handy, and not too near to be incon- 
venient for those who seek a quiet home. There is a beautiful lawn in 
front, with a row of graceful trees, and from the wide porches the guests 
have a magnificent view of green fields and purple hills. 

It is built in the Moorish style, with a large inner courtyard beautified 
with trees and lawns. The elegant dining room and the offices range on 
one side of the square, while the other three are devoted to the accommoda- 
tion of guests. The rooms are commodious and handsomely furnished, lighted 
with gas and electricity, electric bells in all rooms, hot and cold-water baths 
and every modern convenience. 

For the convenience of guests, there are finely-appointed parlors, writing 
rooms, billiard and sample rooms, and the oflfice is one of the neatest in the 
Territory. 

The service and attendance leave nothing to be desired. Both Mr. and 
Mrs. DeGroff are experienced people, having managed the Old Orndorff house 
for eight years, and look after their own affairs, and no guest can be with 
them a day without feeling perfectly at home. 

Dr. J. V. Galf says: "Men like Samson, David and Me- 
n f nf r>nnr thuselah owed much of their strength, vigor and longevity 

_ to the climate, which permitted them to sleep in tents and 

^"'- lead an out-of-door life. 

Recommended. a patient confined to the house is in a position an- 

alogous to the rabbit confined to a hutch in the cellar; 
whereas the patient living in the fresh air and warm sunshine has chances 
comparable to the rabbit running wild. 

The requirements of a suitable climate are a pure, warm and dry at- 
mosphere, an equable temperature, not subject to rapid variations, and a 
maximum amount of sunshine. 

The climate of T^lcson has all these, and it is possible to sleep out of 
doors 270 nights of the year and spend 365 days in perpetual sunshine. It is 
a progressive and prosperous city in which a man may not only find health 
but a means of livelihood, and live in comfort." 

Dr. W. B. Purcell, county physician, observes: "The cli- 
mate of Colorado has been recommended for its beneficial 
Better than effects for consumption; my long residence there gave me 

Colorado ample and sufficient opportunity of judging climatic condi- 

tions there existing during the summer months. The 
mountainous portions of Colorado undoubtedly have a 
beneficial effect on tuberculosis subjects, but I can not recommend Colorado 
during the fall and winter, as the changes are often severe, becoming raw 
and cold within a few hours, and as these are atmospheric conditions to be 
avoided, it would not be advisable to spend these seasons there. Those having 
a peculiar type of constitution, with a hereditary tendency to consumption, 
would do well to avail themselves of an opportunity, and come here and 
remain exempt from disease." 



Tpiiasukiis or Wealth. 




Ore Teams. 



Ribbed are the hills with silver treasure; 
Seamed the mountains with virgin gold ; 
Coal, and copper and lead icithout measure- 
A looiidrous realm of ivealth untold. 



60 Treasure Land. 

7he Callou, the great authority on mining, writes as follows 

, , , on the art of mining: 

imponance OI ^^j^ .^^ economic point of view, the art of mining 

Mining'. constitutes an industry of the greatest importance, 

whether on account of the value of the products created 
every year, or an account of their nature, which has rendered many of 
them objects of hrst necessity. It has been so since the moment that men 
ceased to live in the savage state, built themselves dwellings, and began to 
make tools. In a scientific point of view, it may be said that the art of 
mining has been the dii*ect cause of the birth and progress of several nat- 
ural sciences, especially of mineralogy and geology. It is certain that we 
owe to the working of mines and to the material difficulties, often consid- 
erable, against which the miner has to contend, many ingenious, daring 
and powerful processes Avhich have afterwards passed into the general 
domain of industry. 

"In the middle ages, it was for mines that the first works for husband- 
ing water as a motive power were made, and the first hydraulic machines 
set to work on rational principles; steam engines were first used in con- 
nection with mines, and the first railroad conveyed their products, and the 
necessities of this industry have been the mother of numberless inventions 
which have advanced the general welfare." 

We have frequently referred in this work to the great future of Arizona 
as a field for the mining industry, and now propose to give our readers a 
more particular account of its condition in the country tributary to Tucson. 

There is no question but that the ancient people worked 
The Aztec ^^'^ precious metals on an extensive scale, and all indi- 

cations point to the fact that the Aztecs operated in this 
Miners. vicinity long before the Jesuit fathers prospected the 

hills. Within the last few years three old mmes have 
been found in this county, one of them almost within the limits of Tucson. 
They all show extensive working, and it is evident that immense quantities 
of good ore Avere extracted, and one of them is down several hundred feet, 
with tunnels and winzes and other conveniences. We merely surmise that 
the Aztecs operated these mines; some other and still more ancient race may 
have done so, for there is no record of their age, nor can any estimate be 
made of it. 

It is impossible to give within the limits of this volume 
MininC" Near complete detailed information respecting the development 

^ of our mines, but we propose to show in brief what has 

Tucson. been done and suggest the possibilities of the future. 

Taking Tucson as a starting point, we find ourselves 
■almost immediately in the center of a great mineral belt that has hardly 
been touched, except by the prospector, and only slightly by him, for what 
is nearest home is the last to receive attention. The whole range called 
the Tucson mountains is full of mineral— gold, silver, lead, copper and iron, 
and some of the claims indicate extensive deposits. The close observer 
will be struck by the number of men, apparently miners, who loaf about 
our streets, spending money freely for a few weeks, and then disappearing 
for a season. Many of these own rich claims in the adjacent hills, and are 
able, with a few weeks' work, to extract enough rich ore to enable them to 
indulge in a round of dissipation for a varying period. Most of these 
men refuse to sell their claims or give any iuformation about them. We 
know of one case where a party of three Avere offered $100,000 for their 
mine and refused it, for the reason that their dispositions were such that 
they could not keep money long enough to do them much good, and the 
mine was like a bank and honored all their demands upon it. 



Tfcasures of Wealth. 61 

The Sag^inaw ^^ a sample of the mineral prospects iu the vicinity of 

„. Am nip Tucson, we present the reader with the following brief 

iuines, AmOiC description of the property of The Saginaw Mining Com- 

DiStriCt. pany, situated in tlie Amole district, nine miles southerly 

from Tucson. 

It comprises the Saginaw mill and eighteen mining claims. The com- 
pany has begun a systematic development of the main lode of the district 
and is meeting with much encouragement as depth is gained. The mill is 
being thoroughly overhauled and fitted with the Wilfley concentrator for 
a practical testing of the ores and to demonstrate the best process for the 
extraction of the gold, silver and lead values. When this is done a suitable 
plant of a capacity of 300 tons daily will be erected, and the mines worked 
for all that is in them. 

The ores of the east and west veins are antimonial-zinc, lead sulphides, 
with pyrite, and carry uniformly, with the exception of the chutes of very 
rich ores, about one ounce of gold and twenty ounces of silver per ton. 
Four of these rich chutes are now kuowa within the length of three claims, 
and the development work is being done on this rich ore. The ore now be- 
ing shipped has an average assay value of 112 ounces of silver and three 
ounces of gold per ton. These ores are found in inti-usive porphyries, fol- 
lowing the lines of stx-atification of the thin strata of metamorphic shales, 
limestones and sandstones, which have a dip of 22° to the north. Seven 
parallel veins, within a width of 1,200 feet, have been prospected. They 
are all strong, showing eight to ten feet of ore at the fifty-foot level. The 
ores are oxidized to a depth of fortj- feet, when the change to sulphides is 
sudden and marked. 

The surface is covered by wash from the veins, and after three months' 
prospecting Capt. J. D. Burgess gives his opinion that there is a surface 
area of seventy acres covered with erosion from one to four feet deep, with 
a milling and concentrating value of $12 gold and seven ounces silver 
per ton. 

Other The riches of this district are not confined to the holdings 

yj , . , of the Saginaw company, by any means, for from the 

UniOCaiea divide at the head of Robles pass, one drives over many 

Veins. promising cropplngs (yet unlocated), a distance of two 

miles to the Saginaw mill, and when reduction works are 
erected these will all be opened up, and the output from the Amole district, 
at the very gates of Tucson, will be enormous and probably rival that of 
any district in the world. The veins are so many, and so wide and rich, 
that the success of the Saginaw company means the foundation of one of 
the largest mining camps in the West. 

This district, within an hour's drive of Tucson, is an illustration of what 
is in our midst, and the same indications prevail for twenty miles through 
the Tucson mountains. 

Crossing the divide from Tucson by Robles pass, we have 
jjjg behind us the grand Santa Catalina mountains, with the 

green valley of the Santa Cruz winding, apparently, at 
Sierritas. its base, and before us the gradually rising Sierritas, a 

Avell-timbered range, and prolific of mineral treasures as 
yet undeveloped. Some Avonderful discoveries have been reported from 
this section, but no organized effort has been made to develop them, and 
the prospectors have so far had things entirely their own way. The ores 
are chiefly sulphurets and chlorides, carrying silver and copper. The day. 
however, is not far distant when capital will test the extent of the mineral 
deposits which uudoulitedly exist, and reap the reward of its enterprise. 



02 Treasure Laud. 

Jlie The Sierritas are separated from the Bavoquivari and 

T- . . Coyote ranges by a wide area of grassy mesa, known as 

rJavoquivari ^^le Bavoquivari valley, devoted to cattle ranches, the 

and Coyote.* principal one being owned by The Arizona Land and Cat- 

« tie Company, Alfred Donau, manager. 

In the Bavoquivari and Coyote ranges a great deal of prospecting has 
been done, and some of the more promising veins are being worked in a 
small way by Tucson people. Copper, gold and silver ores occur, and arc 
generally of high value. 

The Cababi district, in the mountains of that name, in the 
very heart of the Papago country, contains rich sulphiu-et 
The Cababi. ores. Operations in a small Avay have proved the exist- 

ence of large bodies of ore carrying gold in considerable 
quantity. This district was extensively worked when sil- 
ver was king, and the ore was rich enough to ship a long distance. The 
development of the veins in which gold predominates has attracted some 
local attention lately, but capital is needed to prove their real value. 

West of the Cababi range are the Quijotoa mountains, 
jup famous for the so-called Bonanza mines, from which so 

much was expected and so little resulted. The steady 
QuijOtoaS. decline in silver after active work was begun probably 

accounts for their failure to realize expectations. Mining 
operations are not entirely suspended, however, for a number of promising 
gold prospects are being developed in an extension of the range. The In- 
dians have worked the gold placers on the slopes of the foothills for years,, 
and the average product of the precious metal is estimated, by traders who 
purchase it from them, at not less than 100 ounces per month. The ab- 
sence of surface water in this section has proved a drawback to placer 
mining on a large scale. Water, however, in abundance is found in the val- 
ley at a depth of 500 feet, and there is a well and pumping plant on the 
ground that could be utilized by an enterprising company. 

Further west to the Colorado river are freciuently occurring mineral de- 
posits, principally gold and copper, but on account of their distance from 
lines of communication they are not much regarded. 

Returning to Tucson and traveling south, we I'each the 
fi^e g.^u Xavier group of patented mines, seven in all. They 

San Xavier f^i'e located about sixteen miles south from Tucson and 

„. about four miles from the Santa Cruz river. There Avas 

luines. ^ large amount of development work done on these prop- 

erties prior to twelve years ago, the deepest workings being 230 feet. 
Large quantities of ore were taken out and shipped at a good profit when 
labor, supplies and freight rates and smelter charges were much higher 
than at present. These mines have been purchased by Eastern parties, 
represented by Messrs. Manning & Cameron, which means much foi- 
Tucson and the Olive camp. This is probably the most promising group of 
mines within a radius of sixty miles of Tucson. They have been exten- 
sively developed, and all show very large bodies of high-grade ore of lead, 
silver, gold and copper. The mines have been idle for years, owing to the 
fact that the stock was owned by people who were wealthy, and who knew 
the mines Avere very rich, and believed the money to be just as safe in the 
mines as in the banks. While they were right, this was of no advantage 
to the territory. The change of ownership of the properties will prove of 
great advantage to Tucson and this mining region. 

It is the intention to commence shipping the high-grade ore as soon 
as the mines are in condition to extract the same, which will be in about 



Ti-easnre^ of Wealth. 6;j 

six Avopks. The lowest grade of ore will be left ou the dump to be worked 
or reduced, as a plant will be erected there to handle the same. In some 
of the mines lead and silver predominate, copper in others, and in others 
all four metals are combined. 

The Helmet Peak Company are working a few men, \\n- 
der Bob Roberts, superintendent, on their group of mines 
Olive Camp. lying about a mile and a half south of the Olive camp, 

and twenty-two miles south of Tucson. The group con- 
sists of four claims, including the once famous Specu- 
lation miue, worked some years ago by what was called here The Westing- 
house Company. The Helmet Peak Companj^ Avas organized here a few 
months ago and represents Tucson capital solely. The Avork now being 
done is on the Atlanta miue (formerly the Speculation). At a depth of fifty 
feet drifting is being done on the lead, which is several feet in Avidth, with 
a pay streak of ten to eighteen inches, Avhich by sample assay shoAvs sixty 
and eighty ounces silver, and 40 per cent. lead. Other mines in the vicinity 
are being worked in a small Avay. 

Traveling south and east about forty-five miles, we reach 
Arivaca ^^^ Arivaca district, one of the oldest mining camps in 

the territory. It has a delightful situation among rolling 
District. hills and grassy plains, a fine climate and abundance of 

Avood and water, but has, so far, been unsatisfactory to 
the investor, principally on account of mismanagement. The ledges, 
whether gold or silver, are generally exceedingly rich on the surface, and 
lead to exaggerated hopes Avhich bring their OAvn defeat. For several years 
no earnest Avork has been done in this district, and we are of the opinion 
that when really competent people get on the ground, it will prove to be a 
good and permanent mining section. 

Seven miles southeast of Arivaca lies the Oro Blanco dis- 
Oro Blanco trlct, containing over 100 square miles of country, min- 

eralized, with surface croppings on almost every hill, and, 
District. like the Arivaca district, Avith gold literally in every 

gulch. The Mexicans have unremittingly worked these 
placers during the rainy season from the daAA^n of Arizona history and long 
before Uncle Sam purchased the territory. The district has been held back 
by a number of imfavorable circumstances. It is only reached after a long 
stage ride, and it is only lately that any one has cared to seek gold. Then, 
too, it has been a victim to the common error of putting up mills before 
developing the mines, and because undeveloped mines could not furnish 
ores fast enough, confidence in them failed, or the work was abandoned 
because the funds originally provided were exhausted in building the mill 
and none obtainable for procuring ore. 

There is not to-day, so far as we can learn, a shaft 300 feet deep in 
(he whole district, and it has produced more bullion to the cubic foot of 
excavation than any district in the territory. We believe there is no bettci- 
field for legitimate mining in Arizona, but visitors must not expect to find 
developed mines here. It 'is a region of prospects, but they are admirable 
ones, and ought to interest capital. 

The rock formations are generally granite and porphyry, Avith argil- 
laceous slates, and seem to be everywhere gold-bearing. Gold can be panned 
from every ravine and gulch, and even on the hillsides, especially when the 
soil is reddened by decomposed pyrites. 

Not only gold, but silver, lead, copper and iron ores are found, but gold 
is the most generally diffused metal, and foUoAvs a broad belt through the 



61 Treasure Laud. 

district. The principal mines or claims alonjr this belt are the Oro. Nil 
Desperandum, Sorrel Top, Tres Amigos, Holden, Gold Bug, McClenahan, 
Old Glory group, Rob Roy, Golden Eagle and Austerlitz group. 

The Oro mine is being operated profitably, under the superintendence 
of Mr. S. H. Gould, by a Chicago company. There is a ten-stamp mill on 
the property, which is constantly running on ores averaging from $25 to $50 
per ton. 

The Old Glory property has a twenty-stamp mill, but has not been 
operated for the last fcAV months, owing to the inadequate supply of water. 
The dam is being raised, and when the reservoir is filled by the summer 
rains, operations will be resumed and possibly ten additional stamps added. 
The mine is said to be in excellent condition, Avith an abundance of high- 
grade ore. Major E. Fechet is the superintendent. 

Dr. A. H. Noon, an authority on the resources of this district, is em- 
phatic in his belief that the Oro Blanco section is a rich and inviting field, 
which is now receiving increased attention, and will eventually add largely 
to the mineral product of Southern Arizona. 

In the Pajarito country, on the Mexican line, is an ex- 
tensive and rich field of future possibilities, combined 
The PajaritOS, with pastoral facilities. The section is also healthy, and 
possesses some of the most picturesque and beautiful 
mountain scenery in Southern Arizona. Though silent 
now, the clink of the hammer and the thunder of the blast will give this 
tlistrict new life; and fortunate will he be wlio gets there early. 

The Jalisco district adjoins Oro Blanco on the east, the 
lalisco northern portion being known as the Papillote valley, and 

_ is situated a few miles southerly from the Sopori val- 

DiStriCt. ley. Several locations were made in this district and 

worked on a small scale several years ago; but the fact 
that the ores contained copper and silver, and copper ores being then but 
little sought for, and silver depreciating, caused the district to be aban- 
doned. 

Recently, however. Dr. A. H. Noon, C. W. Kempton, M. E., and others 
have given the district special attention and located and worked several 
claims, with the result of demonstrating that it is a very promising copper- 
bearing region. A portion of the district is traversed by dark calc-spar 
belts cutting through the porphyritic and dioritie country rocks, and in 
association with or near the spar are outcrops and indications of valuable 
copper veins running Avell in silver and gold. Quartzite and eruptive form- 
ations, peculiar in character, and geologically and mineralogically interest- 
ing, are worthy of special attention. 

The group of coi^per prospects known as the Copperopolis group are 
very promising locations, the outcrops showing width, length and quality. 
High-grade ores have been shipped from surface deposits, some of it run- 
ning as high as 48 per cent, copper and ninety-one ounces silver per ton. 
Occasional high gold values are obtained also. 

The district is very accessible, being only twenty miles from the junc- 
tion of the Arivaca and Tucson stage lines, and we are confident that it 
can not long remain unnoticed by capitalists. 

Crossing the Santa Cruz valley from the junction, we 
Santa Rita come to the western slope of the Santa Rita mountains, 

whose pine-clad summits fill the southern horizon of 
MtS. Tucson. These mountains probably contain more min- 

eral and a greater variety than any range in the world, 
couiprising the wliole list from gold to coal, from coal to marble and onyx. 



Treasures of WeaWi. (')5 

The Tyndall These districts, on the southern and western slopes of the 

, . , mountains, were exploited with energy and bad nianago- 

ana AZieC ment in the early '80s, but the stockholders in the syn- 

DiStriCtS. dicated companies lost hope with the decline of silver, 

and all work was finally abandoned, the gold values in 

the ores being no inducement to maintain the reckless expenditures made 

by the different companies. 

On the eastern slope of the mountains lies the Greater- 
ville district, chiefly known for its enduring gold placers. 
Greaterville. The camp is on the east side of "Old Baldy," the highest 

peak of the Santa Ritas, seven miles from the Empire 
ranch, five miles south of Rosemont, and eight miles 
from Sonoita on the Sonora railroad. Apart from the extensive gold 
placers there are numerous ledges of gold, silver, lead, copper, iron, etc. 
Pine marble and onyx are also found in the district. There are only about 
sixteen Americans here, the population being chiefly Mexicans and Yaqui 
Indians who work the placers. A moderate amount of capital here would 
develop wonders. None of the mines in the district are 100 feet deep, and 
yet many carloads of high-grade ore have been shipped during the last ten 
years. We consider this section a good field for careful examination. The 
placers have yielded largely for over twenty-five years and show no signs 
of exhaustion, and the indications are everywhere favorable for perma- 
nent and profitable ledges. The operations on the placers furnish good 
business for two general stores, and the small band of Americans, await- 
ing the arrival of capital to help them out of the rut, form an interesting 
community. 

We are indebted to Mrs. John B. Anderson for information regarding 
this section. 

The Rosemont camp, five miles from Greaterville, is at- 
Rosemont tractlng attention. The property is gold and copper, and 

the fifty-ton smelter is working to its utmost capacity. 
Camp. There are more than forty men at work. The company 

is a New York concern, and they are driving their main 
tunnel straight through the mountain, by means of which they expect to 
intersect all the veins, which they then propose to work out or develop. 
This company is prosecuting its workings in a systematic and business-like 
manner, pay promptly every month, and propose to get what is in the 
Rosemont in the shortest time possible; or, if it proves the bonanza which 
present showings indicate, make this one of the prominent camps of 
the Southwest. 

The Empire district, seven miles south of Pantano sta- 
The Empire *^^°' °° *^^ southern Pacific railroad, has received little 

attention the last few years on account of the decline in 
District, silver. The ores are found \\\ a limestone formation and 

come in bunches, usually of great richness. Contrary to 
(he general impression, operations have not entirely ceased, and shipments 
of high-grade ores are constantly being made. 

Retracing our steps to Greaterville and thence descend- 
The Patagonia ^°^ *^^ grassy mesa to the Sonoita valley, we find in the 
^ Patagonia mountains another vast and undeveloped min- 

MtS. eral region. 

The Empire Smelting and Mining Company are sup- 
plying their 100-ton lead-silver smelter from the old Flux mine and the 
Hardshell, and. so far as wc can learn, experience no difliculty in extract- 
ing largo quantities of low-grade ore from those properties. 



6G Treasure Land. 

The World's Fair mine is still in bonanza, the ore being extremely rich 
in silver. A mill was erected on this property under a guarantee that it 
would work the ore, but it has failed to come up to expectations, and the 
OAA'ner of the mine is waiting for the manufacturers to take it out of his 
way. 

These are the only mines of any importance now being operated in the 
argentiferous belt of the Patagonia mountains, the Enterprise and the 
Trench having closed down temporarily. 

In the copper belt in the vicinity of Washington camp, the work of de- 
velopment is progressing. 

The Duquesne company has an abundance of ore at the 235-foot level, 
and are now sinking the main shaft, fully determined to make the mine a 
big producer.' Big bodies of ore are opened up sufficient to justify the be- 
lief that the company have a large and very valuable property. The grade 
of the ore is not high, but can be worked on the ground at a fair profit. 
Some 250 tons of the ore have been shipped to Pittsburg, Pa., for treat- 
ment. The working of this ore will determine largely the character of the 
works that will be placed at the mine. The company is working quite a 
force of men and, luckily for old Tucson, they draw most of their supplies 
from here. 

Crossing the range, about sixteen miles toward Nogales, 
Tucson Min- ^'^^ reach the Tucson mining district, which is probably 

one of the oldest in Arizona. Less than five miles from 
in§^ District. the Line City, it is a line mineral region, prolific in ores 

containing gold, lead and silver in varying proportions. 
Ancient excavations show extensive workings by the old Spanish and Mex- 
ican miners, and the results of modern prospects prove that it is a rich 
field for the investor. There is no extensive work being done here at pres- 
ent, but in the near future this section is certain to attract attention. Tlic 
formation is granite, intersected by diorite dykes, which dykes are invari- 
ably cut by the mineral-bearing fissures. Major H. A. Read is carrying 
on extensive operations in this district. He is now down sixty feet on a 
five-foot ledge of silver sulphide, carrying a small quantity of gold. The 
mine is only a hundred j^ards from the railroad track, with wood and water 
in abundance. 

East of Tucson, in the foothills of the Santa Catalina 
S^nt2.C^talin£l mountains, there have been some wonderful discoveries 

of precious mineral. Several of these have been exten- 
MtS. sively worked, notably in the vicinity of Mammoth, a 

mining camp near the San Pedro river. The Mammoth 
Cold Mining and Milling Company has a large mill here, which is now idle, 
owing to disagreement between the English and American stockholders. It 
has been a large gold producer in the past, and the signs are now favorable 
for extensive operations in the future. TlTe Mohawk mines are on a con- 
tinuation of the famous Mammoth mine, and are owned by The Mohawk 
Mining and INIilling Company, who.se headquarters are at Hartford, Conn. 
This company has pursued a conservative policy in developing its property 
before going to the expense of erecting works, having, by means of a 
horse whim, sunk a double compartment shaft 330 feet on the lead, and 
driven over 1,000 feet of crosscuts and drifts at different levels. The re- 
sults proving highly satisfactory, machinery for hoisting works and a 
tAventy-stamp mill were put up, and a three-inch pipe line laid to the pump- 
ing plant, five miles distant and 700 feet lower, llie pump, a Riedler, with 
six-inch suction and five-inch discharge, has a capacity of 500,000 gallons 
{)er twenty-four hours. 



Treasures of Wealth. 67 

The Southern Belle is another valuable gold property upon which work 
has beeu discontiuuecl, owing to mismanagement. There is a good tea- 
stamp mill on the property. 

On the north side of the range, the Canada de Oro has long been known 
for its valuable placers, and during the past few mouths Major H. C. 
Reno and Mr. Frank Newsam have taken up tAvo square miles of ground, 
about thirty-two miles from Tucson. They now have twenty-five men at 
work building a dam at a considerable elevation for the storage of water. 
Upon the completion of this they expect, after the summer rains, to have a 
large supply of water with a pressure that will enable them to hydraulic 
the placers, and, from the known richness of the ground, their enterprise 
will probably be successful. 

The Silver Belle district lies about fortj-five miles nortb- 
Silver Bcll£ west of Tucson, and is one of the best copper and lead 

districts in the country. The principal copper properties 
District. are the Young America, Old Boot and Atlas, all of which 

are being actively developed, with results satisfactory to 
their owners. The greatest amount of work has been done on the Young 
America and Old Boot. The formation is lime and porphyry, and the ore is 
of good average value. The argentiferous lead properties are said to be ex- 
ceedingly valuable. 

In addition to the districts enumerated, there are others 
Pinal COUntV tributary to Tucson, and properly coming within the 
scope of this review. Among these Ave iustance the min- 
MineS. eral region south of Casa Grande, uoav the scene of ex- 

tensive operations, and the country north of Florence. 
The principal ores receiving attention are those of copper and gold. Some 
o\' the mines are well developed and producing bullion. The Ray copper 
properties, north of Florence, are among the most considerable in the coun- 
try, having been pronounced by one expert equal to the Anaconda. Tliey 
are now under bond to an English syndicate for a large sum. In the same 
district are extensive deposits of low-grade gold ores, which will soon re- 
ceive attention. 

South of Tucson, in Sonora, INIexico, are the El Grupo and 
Plomo properties, operated by Americans. They are near 
Sonora Mines the international boundary line and reached from Tucson 
over a good wagon road. A bi-weekly stage gives us reg- 
ular communication with these settlements, and the open- 
ing of a custom house at Sasabe by the Mexican government will throw all 
their trade into Tucson. So far as we can learn, the results of operations 
luive been extremely satisfactory, and large milling plants will be erected 
shortly. 

Look out for some of the peculiarities of gold mining are worthy of 

.|^ the attention of those who are inclined to invest their 

'■^^ money on the strength of "assays across the ledge." Gold 

Pay-Streak. is not so apt to be diffused through the whole width of 

a ledge as some other metals are, and prefers to confine 

itself to what are termed "pay-streaks." and frequently a few inches of 

pay-streak give all the value to be found in a six-foot ledge. We recall an 

instance where a twelve-inch pay-streak fertilized a ten-foot ledge, and the 

inexperienced OAvner, who had built a tAventy-stamp mill to work it, ran 

through nine cubic feet of barren quartz to one cubic foot of ore for a year 

before he discovered what he was doing. The moral of this is: Sample 

the ledge in sections and look out for the pay-streak, if there is any, and 

don't put up a mill to work a ten-foot ledge until you are sure you have 

ten feet of ore. 



08 



Treasure Land. 



Till: PROSPCCIOP. 

Though I'm only an old prospector, 

I'm not quite as green as I looks. 
My knoiiHedge is got from nature direct 

An' not from if musty old books: 
So lohen experts samples a i-ock, 

An pretends to see u^IkiVs behind it, 
I ta ugh. for I learnt long ago 

Tlr stuff's just about where y' J'nul if 

When nature Jilted up tie cracks 

In th' t'ocks, she didn't much can' 
If them experts liked it or not, 

For she dumped it most auywJtere. 
So git out 2/' pick and y' drill, 

An' put lots of muscle behind 'em — 
I reckon you'll strike them rich ores 

E. vac fly about ivhere y' find, em .' 




The Prospector. 

In a ijiiniug couutry like Arizona, the poor prospector is one of Ht' 
prominent agencies of development whose importance is often underesti 
mated. He endures hardships and privations that only those who have 
experienced them can realize. He toils on in search of the precious metals, 
and when he succeeds in finding a promising lode, his task is but begun. 
For days, months, years perhaps, he drills into the unyielding rock, follow- 
ing the seams of ore until he displays sufficient to tempt the capitalist. Yet, 
after all the stern lessons of toil and privation, when prosperity comes, he 
lavishes his hard-earned wealth or divides it freely among his friends until 
it is gone, and then begins anew. There are many noble hearts beating be- 
neath the rough miner's jacket, and a degree of honor, candor and intelli- 



Trean lives of Wealtli. 69 

gence among them that evokes our respect. All honor to the hardy pioneer 
of the golden hills, and xuay the visions of wealth that cheer his solitary 
toil be fully realized! 

The professional prospector's wealth is usually confined 
TTUg to the power of his muscles and his experience in locat- 

ing the precious metals, and while this is a valuable cap 
Grub-Stake. ital, it is not a complete equipment for his business, hence 

the prevalence of what is called "grub-staking," which is 
explained as follows: The prospector who has a reputation for fair deal- 
ing and a thorough knowledge of his business induces some small capital- 
ist or storekeeper to provide him with an outfit of cooking utensils, provis- 
ions and mining implements and supplies, sufficient to last weeks or 
months, as the case may be. To these are added a burro or two to carry 
the "outfit," and with this equipment the prospector turns his back on civ- 
ilization and proceeds to the hills he has selected for the scene of his labors. 
The contract between the prospector and the party who thus "grub-stakes" 
him is that all mineral discoveries shall be located for their joint benefit. 
No formal contract is drawn up, the whole transaction being upon honor, 
but we have never heard of a case wherein faith was broken. 

Many of our citizens have acquired interests in valuable properties by 
grub-staking needy prospectors. In this way Mr. Gleason obtained his in- 
terest in the wonderful King of Arizona group, and we could mention 
scores of others whose fortunes were founded on a "grub-stake." 

It will, no doubt, be interesting to the reader to hear 

Our Bullion something about our bullion producers. Mere reference 

to what can be done or ought to be done is poor food, bul 

Producers. a statement of fact as to what has been done and is doing 

is strong meat. 

The fame of Arizona as a copper producer is well sustained. The great 
camps of Bisbee, of Globe, Jerome (the United Verde mine), of the Clifton 
region, have been producing actively for the past year. There has been an 
increased production near Tucson, and large amounts of oi"e have been sent 
to the local smelters at the railroad. 

The mines at Rosemont, in the Santa Ritas, some twenty-five miles 
southeast of Tucson, have changed ownership, and preparations are being 
made to work them on a liberal scale. 

The small copper smelter at Tucson has been running for some time 
upon ores of local production, chiefly from Hughes camp, from Olive camp, 
and the Sierritas. The copper ores received from July 1, 1895, to June 30. 
189G, amounted to 2,200,000 pounds. The copper bullion shipped during the 
same period weighed 205,751 pounds, and the copper matte 228,548 pounds. 

In gold production the active and profitable factors are the Oro mine, 
Old Glory and a number of other smaller plants in the vicinity of Tucson. 
The Fortuna mine is still in bonanza and swelling the wealth of its owners. 
The production exceeds $50,000 per month, the average assay value for 
four months being $40 per ton. 

The King of Arizona has just started its mill, and the clean-up of two 
tons brought $1,200 in gold bullion. The ore is absolutely free milling, and 
averages up in the hundreds. 

In the Harquahalas a ten-stamp mill and a large cyanide plant are being 
run on a good quality of ore, with profit to the owners. 

The Congress mine is one of the most prolific in the world. Three hun- 
dred and fifty men are employed, and the mines and buildings are lighted 
by electricity, and the company operates its own line of railroad. The 
principal ore is a pyrite and carries an average of eight ounces to the ton. 
The production of bullion is great, and the profit to the owners must be im- 



70 Treasure Land. 

mense. The present reduction works consist of a forty-stamp mill and a 
cyanide plant for the treatment of tailings, which Avill shortly be increased, 
as the productiveness of the mine appears to be unlimited. 

The Empire Smelting Company, at Crittenden, sixty miles from Tucson, 
have already blown in their 100-ton smelter on argentiferous lead ores from 
the Patagonia district, and as the management is more than ordinarily 
competent, we have no doubt the enterprise will be profitable. 

We could furnish other examples of actual and profitable bullion pro- 
ducers, but those given should satisfy the reader that we are already on a 
woi'kiug basis. 

Ross Browne and every person since him, including H. 
H. Bancroft, who has essayed to write a history of Ari- 
9 ? ? zona, has had to interview the Hon. Sam. Hughes, anil 

the compilers of this volume have followed the illus- 
trious examples. Mr. Hughes was born, like most chil- 
dren, with a note of interrogation at the end of his tongue, but, unlike the 
majority, it never dried up. His yearning to know has never been satis- 
lied and never will be this side the grave. If he had had the opportunities 
for acquiring knowledge enjoyed by the present generation he might have 
concluded, like then), at an early age, that he knew it all, and ceased prose- 
cuting useless inquiries. But Sam will never concede that he knows any- 
thing and, consequently, is constantly acquiring information. Thus, when 
he came to Arizona, in 1858, he immediately began to inquire all about it, 
and, getting little satisfaction from the Americans, who usually considered 
it the best place in the world to know as little about as possible, he inter- 
viewed the oldest Mexican inhabitants, and thus became the depository of 
information that would otherwise have been lost. Incidentally he has ac- 
(luired considerable information about other matters, which he has used 
in his business for a number of years with profit to himself, and his pe- 
culiar faculty of asking questions until people begin to think they know less 
than he does, has made him one of the most important agencies in the de- 
velopment of the territory. 

We could have interviewed him, with profit to our readers, upon almost 
any subject, but decided to confine ourselves as much as possible to that 
of mining and minerals. 

In the year 1769 a region of virgin silver was discovered 
PlanchaS de ^* ^ place called Arizona," which has been located at 

various places by parties interested in "booming" their 
Plata. own properties. When the news of this discovery was 

made public, a vast multitude of people anxious to find 
tliemselves suddenly rich, were attracted lo the spot. At a depth of a few 
yards mass(;s of pure silver were found; several pieces weighed upward of 
500 pounds, and one was reported a trifle short of two tons! In order to 
protect this treasure, the commander of the I'residio of Altar sent troops 
to bring it to him for safe keeping, and he retained it as the property of the 
crown of Spain. The finders appealed to Guadalajara, and the authorities 
there referred it to Madrid, where the matter was carefully considered dur- 
ing leisure moments for the next seven years. The Spaniards rather hur- 
ried their decision, according to American notions, for it found most of the 
interested parties alive. It is, perhaps, unnecessary to state that it sus- 
tained the crown, and it was ordered that thenceforth the mines should be 
worked for the benefit of the king of Spain. 

After the promulgation of this decree only the Gamhiislnos took any 
further interest in the silver question, and they sought it where the officers 
of the croAvu could not find them. One party crossed the Santa Cruz valley 
to the Patagonia mountains and discovered the Mina del Padre, afterwards 
called the Trench mine, near Harshaw, and another continued east to the 



Treasures of Wealth. 71 

Huacluicas, and at the southeast end of this range they found rich silver 
deposits. These Ihey worked with such implements as they had, and the 
tunnels they ran can be seen to-day. Operations were abandoned here for 
some reason, and at the northeast end of the range a deposit of virgin cop- 
per M'as found. The containing rock had probably fallen 
Pl<inChES de away, leaving the sheets of copper, some of them four 

inches thick, lying exposed upon the ground. Carts were 
Cobre. made to haul the pieces that could not be cut up, to the 

different missions. 
This copper was used for making large pans for rendering tallow and 
making soap, and there are several of them still in the country, one of theui 
being in Tucson at the present time. Still another party of the (lainbiiHiitus 
traveled northwest from the unsatisfactory Plancha de Plata country, into 
the Papagueria, where they discovered gold. Others mined turquoise in 
the Silver Bell district, turquoise being them a medium of exchange with 
the Indians, and therefore as valuable as silver for the purchase of local 
products. 

At the time of the Planchas de Plata excitement, Guevavi, near Nogales, 
was the supply station, and Altar the military post of the northwest, the 
civil authorities having headquarters at Caborca, but why this peculiar 
segregation was made is not apparent. 

The first aerolite discovered in Arizona was found by 
The First Spanish soldiers in the Santa Rita mountains, near the 

site of Rosemont, in the early part of the century, but it 
Aerolite. was evidently only a portion of a very large one. An- 

other piece of this aerolite was found in 1858. Both were 
used as anvils until their true value was discovered by Americans, aftei- 
the Gadsden purchase. One piece is now in the Smithsonian institute and 
llie other in San Francisco. 

Platinum has been found in this vicinity in small quauti- 
Pl^tinutn and *^^'^' '^otably in the Sierritas, Santa Ritas, and on the 
northwest side of the Santa Catalinas. The best show- 
Tin, ing is in the Sierritas, where it always has free gold at- 
tached to it. It may appear in commercial quantity 
without- being noticed, as our prospectors are only on the lookout for the 
jjrincipal metals. Tin has also been found in small quantities in the copper 
l)elt of the Santa Ritas, around Rosemont, but no special attention has been 
given it. 

Manganese, borax and alum appear in belts through the county, the 
principal being one passing west of Tucson, and another up the Sonoita 
valley. 

There Avere several great mining excitements prior to the 

Mining' American occupation, the most notable being that of 18.'>1. 

. Mr. Hughes notes that which originated with Gen. 

Excitements. Larlon. While chasing Apaches near Charleston, his 
scouts brought in rich ore samples, and in an effort to 
fmd the vein the general raised large parties in Tucson, Tubac and Santa 
Cruz, but it Avas never found by them. In .January, 1851, the Apaches 
raided the vicinity of Tucson and had several encounters with the garrison. 
They were about to attempt to carry the Presidio by assault when they 
learned that a large body of Papagoes were coming from the south. They 
immediately negotiated a truce through a captive named Jose Antonio 
.\cuna and marched off, leaving Acuna Avith his countrymen. 

This man had lived with the Apaches for years, and upon regaining 
his freedom returned to Sonora and raised an excitement by declaring that 
somewhere between the Salt and the Puerco rivers there existed a large 
deposit of pure lead, from which the Indians obtained their bullets. The 



72 Treasure Laud. 

Mexicans, kiiowiug that lead is never found in a pure state, decided tliat 
tlie deposit was silver, and organized a grand expedition under the leader- 
ship of Gen. Carrasco. Over 500 men started from Ures, but Carrasco dy- 
ing, he was succeeded by Tapia. The party followed Acuna into the heart 
of the Apache country, but when, according to Acuna, they were a few 
miles only from the deposit, they were attacked by Indians and driven back. 

These mining excitements were not confined to the Mexicans. The re- 
ports reached California, and American adventurers tried to reach the fabu- 
lous silver deposits. 

Under date of July 9, 1851, a Mexican reported to his government that 
"Tucson is invaded by forty-eight Americans from California, and 600 men 
are on the way. Owing to the ravages of the cholera, there are only twenty 
able men in Tucson, and not many more in Santa Cruz." 

In August Americans were reported from Tubac aud Magdaleua; 300 
upon the left banks of the Colorado and Gila rivers, aud another party en- 
camped between Santa Cruz and Tucson. These Americans appear to have 
become sick and discouraged, and before the end of the year had disap- 
peared. 

In 1855 an official return gave Tubac a population of 249, and Tucson 
700. 

The average business man who invests in mines, either 

How It is ^^^ pleasure or profit, occasionally makes a mistake and 

gets neither. Perhaps he ought to keep to what he 

Done. understands, but as this is asking too much, we take the 

liberty of making a few suggestions that, if followed, will 

assist him to lose his money in the least possible time. 

When you have purchased a mine that is guaranteed to pay from the 
grass roots, invest your money freely, as grass is a certain sign of richness, 
and a bald-headed mine shows barrenness. 

If the grass has been eroded by the operation of nature or the cattle, 
aud your expert refers to a ledge and recommends development, you should 
order a milling plant immediately. See that the power is twice as much 
as you require, as you will have to either double your capacity after run- 
ning a week or quit the business. 

In selecting a superintendent, engage the services of a bright commer- 
cial traveler or office man; in default of these hunt up a retired army chap- 
lain or superannuated preacher. If you get an experienced man he will 
Insist that he knows more than you do and give you no end of trouble. 

After ordering your mill and engaging your superintendent, erect some 
elegant office buildings and residences, so that when you visit the property 
you can have some comfort. 

As most of your mining will be done in the office of the superintendent, 
see that this is well furnished with champagne and other solvents. If yo\i 
liave selected the right man, this detail may be left to him. 

After spending upon these preliminaries about three times as much as 
you expected to invest, send a few men uj) to the mine. If they find that 
the ore has disappeared, or that there is onlj' enough of it to run a coffee- 
mill, conclude that you have been swindled and get even by cussing the 
country. 

In 1852, Dr. Thome and a party of seven men Avere rc^- 

» turning East from California by the southern overland 

route, and were captured by the Apaches near ]\raricoi)a 

Good Opening^. Wells. Only himself and a man named Brown wen- 
spared, and BroAvn disappeared soon after they reaclu-d 

the Apache country. 



Treasures of Wealth. 73 

The doctor practiced on the Indians for a long time, and as his profes- 
sional services were higlily valued, they refused to part with him. While 
his party was camped in the vicinity of the Salt river, he went out hunting 
Avith two boys, and one of them picked up a large nugget of gold from the 
bare bedrock in a wash west of some small red hills. The doctor affected 
an unconcern that he did not feel and took close observation of the sur- 
rounding country, in order to identify the place if he ever obtained his 
freedom. 

After a variety of thrilling experiences he was able to abandon his 
practice among the Apaches and located in Socorro, N. M., whence he fitted 
out and led two expeditions to find the gold deposit. They were both un- 
successful, the country appearing to be full of small red hills, and the in- 
firmities of age prevented him from making any further attempts. Many 
men have since searched for the golden treasures, but as they have not 
yet been found, they are still open for location. 

Coal Marble ^^i'- Chas. T. Connell, Tticson's city recorder, has been in 

, * . ' the territory seventeen years, and his faith in its future 
ana rreClOUS j^^g never wavered. While superintendent of a large 
Metals. mine in the Saginaw district, nine miles from Tucson, he 

had an opportunity to study the mineral character of this 
section. He believes that right around Tucson is one of the greatest min- 
eral belts in the country. He is part owner of one of the finest marble 
quarries in the county, about twelve miles from the railroad. The grade is 
superior, and it can be extracted clear in blocks of almost any size. It sup- 
plies the marble works in Tucson, but capital is needed for extensive de- 
velopment. In company with Mr. Alex. McKay, he made the first discov- 
eries of coal in the Santa Rita mountains, a few miles from the railroad. 
Experts pronounce it of good quality, and it only awaits capital to develop 
it. Oil shale is also found in these mountains, and the Whetstones, also a 
fine quality of fire-clay, but those who make these discoveries are not in 
touch with capital, and development is retarded. 

The Discovery "^^^ discovery of the Silver King mine, whose almost 
- , , fabulous richness first attracted attention to the mineral 

^^ ^*^^ resources of Southern Arizona, has been a favorite theme 

Silver Kingf. for romancers. We are not going to add a new version, 
but merely desire to state that we did not discover it, and 
do not know who did. The first persons, however, to attach themselves to 
it to any advantage were four farmers living near Florence, in Pinal county, 
named Reagan, Copeland, Mason and Long. They had already discovered 
copper in the Globe district, and were therefore regularly in the business. 
For this reason we are of the opinion that the Silver King did not discover 
them. 

Copeland and Long sold out to their partners for $80,000, under the 
impression that the mine was too good to last, but this amount was made 
from the net profits in less than six months. Then Charlie Mason weakened 
and sold his interest to Col. James M. Barney, of Yuma, for $250,000. At 
this time the first-class ores assayed $8,000 to $20,000 per ton, and were 
shipped to San Francisco by way of Yuma. Soon after, Reagan began to 
suspect the mine had a bottom to it, and sold out to Barney for $300,000. 

Col. Robt. Williams reached Pinal just as this deal was consummated 
and opened an hotel. His Avas the first substantial building erected outside 
of those belonging to the Silver King company, but as the permanency of 
the mine was demonstrated, other buildings were erected. The company's 
pay-roll seldom fell below $40,000 per month, and the camp was prosperous 
until the decline in silver and the scarcity of ore in the mine caused a 
cessation of work and the practical abandonment of the camp. 



74 Treasure Lavd. 

Among the colonel's stories is one that illustrates the 

The Davs of methods employed to boom mining stock in Silver King 

•^ and Comstock days, where there was a live superintend- 

'76. ent at one end of the line and skilful financiers at the 

other. 

The Seventy-Six mine was located near enough to the Silver King mine, 
in Pinal county, to have some savor of goodness in the eyes or a gullible 
I)ublic, but industrious and expensive excavations produced nothing but 
"holiness;" in fact, as the colonel expresses it, "there wasn't a smell of ore." 
If the company couldn't get ore there was nothing but common sense to 
prevent them from prociu-iug a mill, and a five-stamp plant was erected to 
grind out hope for the stockholders. But even hope failed, and the super- 
intendent was called upon to co(5perate with the directors of the Seventy-Six 
company to get them out of the hole. 

Copeland had sold out his interest in the Silver King to Mason and 
Reagan, but retained possession of the dump, from which all the $20,000 
ore had been selected and shipped. When he had sorted this over again to 
his own satisfaction, he sold the rest of the dump to four Frenchmen for 
$1,000, and they also found fine pickings; then two of them bought out the 
others for $10,000, and still had a small fortune left. The superintendent 
of Seventy-Six saw the possibilities of this dump, and proposed to the 
owners to run the balance of the ore through his mill at so much per ton, 
the bullion to be marketed through his company. As the ore was now too 
low grade for shipment, they readily agreed, and the stock market was 
soon impressed with the fact that the Seventy-Six Avas turning out bullion 
at the rate of several bars a day, and without stopping to investigate the 
([uestion of ownership, the public made such a rush for stock that it went 
up to $7.50 a share. Of course, it wasn't worth the smallest fraction of a 
cent, but this was not discovered until the inside stockholders and the su- 
[terinteudent had unloaded. 

The mill was afterwards sold to the Silver King company, but "Ihe 
liole was too deep for a grave and not long enough for a well." 

To succeed in mining you must not only possess the 
A Miner Must necessary means, but what is commonly called grit— the 
_ courage to go ahead in the face of discouragement, and 

Have Grit. often contrary to the dictates of experience. We recall 

several notable successes which would have been fail- 
ures but for the grit of the owners of the properties. Mr. Gage spent 
$.50,000 on the Grand Central, at Tombstone, and advised the owners t(» 
stop work, as there was nothing there, but they insisted on doubling the 
l(jss or tindiug a mine. The mine was found at an additional expense of 
$5,000. The Colorada, at Minas Frietas, Sonora, absorbed $140,000 and 
about all the faith of the owners, but one of them insisted on making the 
loss an even $150,000, and a few feet more work opened up a body of ore 
that yielded $7,000,000 in two years. The writer once led a forlorn hope 
in a mine that had "petered out" and been condemned by half a dozen 
experts. He drove a few feet into the hanging wall and struck the true 
vein, and approved the judgment of those who persisted in finding a mine 
there. 

A pile of waste dirt and rock, with perhaps a sprinkling 
The Deserted °* *^^^' ^^ found at the entrance of every hole in the hill 

intended for a mine. In some cases the hole was aban- 
Dunip. doned because it did not come up to expectations; in 

others, because the owners found it rich enough to quai'- 
rel over, or if a company enterprise, the corporate courage gave out before 
the ore came in. There is nothing so forcibly impresses the mind of a 



Treasures of Wealth. 



75 



novice in mining as a massive dump with a good liole attaclmient. Many 
people are so fastidious that they won't look at a dump they haven't pulled 
out themselves. Hence the prevalence of dumps! A large dump looks like 
business and proves the existence of a hole somewhere. Every atom of the 
weather-stained pile represents a bead of perspiration and a dissipated 
dollar; it is typical of amalgamted toil, crushed hope and lixiviated faith; 
of long store accounts and dishonored drafts. Hope, faith, means, energy 
and labor transformed into a sad-eyed, silent dump! Everything is gone 
but the dump we sit upon— everything but the hole here, and the caving 
walls will soon sit upon that! 

"And the brawny prospector will come 
And swear, from the top of that stump, 

In a soft, solemn way, as he thinks 

Of the suckers that fathered this dump!" 




Pima Count v Officers: 



1. M. (i. Samaniego, Supervisor. 
'■'j. R. N. Leatherwood. Sheriff. 
.■). C. F. Hoff. Treasurer. 



■J.. T. D. Satter\v)iite, District Attorney. 
4. F. G. Hiiglies, Clerk Supervisors. 
6. J. S. Wood, Probate -Judge. 



7. C. A. Sliibell, Recorder. 



Tfi Treasure L«)id. 

To a person familiar with the powerful machinery used in 

the large machine shops in the East, the plant established 

Qold in Tucson by local enterprise will appear insignificant, but 

Producers ^* ^^' nevertheless, as complete in its way as any in the 

country. Every modern appliance has been adapted to the 

requirements of the miners and farmers of this section 

by the enterprising firm of Gardiner, Worthen & Goss, who are all practical 

mechanics and well acquainted with the local needs. 

As much of their trade is with mining concerns, they are close observers 
of the progress of this industry. They note increased development and some 
wonderful gold discoveries. As a bullion producer the Oro mine, south of 
Tucson, is making a reputation; large bodies of rich ore have been un- 
covered lately, but the company is a close corporation and figures are not 
accessible. The Mohawk gold mines, in the Santa Catallnas, are producing 
steadily, and the adjacent Mammoth property is expected to start up soon 
with a 200-ton dally milling capacity. 

In his capacity as resident agent of The Singer Sewing 

Machine Company, Mr. Theo. G. Fitch travels extensively 

Activity in in Southern Arizona and on the west coast of Mexico, and 

Mining" ^^^ unusual opportunities for marking the progress of the 

sections tributary to Tucson. Never in the history of the 

country has there been so much activity in mining or so 

much confidence in the future. There is a constant demand for meritorious 

properties, and this circumstance has encouraged prospectors to work with 

unaccustomed energy, with the result of uncovering rich mineral deposits 

hitherto unsuspected. The influx of capital into this region is unprecedented, 

and investors appear to be, generally, well-satisfied with the outlook, and 

many of them are making money. The facilities here for successful mining 

exceed those of any other mineral section, and the time is not far distant 

when Southern Arizona will take rank where it belongs; 

Mr. and Mrs. Lewis D. McLain, of Pueblo, Colo., have 
been spending the season in Tucson, and are enthusiastic 
Tucson Beats over its incomparable climate. Having spent several win- 

Them All t&Ys in Mexico, Cuba, the Bahamas, Florida and other re- 

sorts, they feel that they are able to judge of the relative 
merits of these places, and their verdict is that Tucson 
beats them all. 

Mr. McLain claims that it it was generally known in the Eastern states 
what a combination of advantages Tucson possesses in the way of altitude; 
little irrigation, hence practically no humidity; dry, bracing air; fine drives 
and mountain scenery, we would need several additional hotels and hun- 
dreds of cottages to accommodate visitors. 

But this country has more than climate. The wonderful 

TT„„ mineral resources will attract mining men and investors 

from all over the country, for here are some of the best 

iomeiningf JnOre gold, silver and copper prospects in the world. 

Than Climate. Mr. McLain has been for years largely interested in 

Colorado mines, and was among the first to realize the 

possibilities of Cripple Creek. He saw its population increase in a few years 

from 200 to 40,000, and believes that this section, with proper development, 

will show up properties that will equal anything yet discovered in Colorado. 

He believes the erection of a large smelter here would pay a handsome 
interest on the investment. 

As a proof of his confidence in the faith that is in him, he has made 
several investments in mines during his stay, and expects to return early 
next fall to Tucson and take a more active interest in the development of 
her mineral resources. 



Treasures of Wealth. 




Some ok the Departments of St( 



OF L. Zkikendokf k Co. 



The Dynamics 

of 

Business. 



It is a law of physical dynamics that bodies attract in 
proportion to their mass, and this law prevails to a great 
extent in the business world. The merchant seeks a mar- 
ket for his purchases where immense stocks are carried, 
and his choice is unfettered by any limitation but that of 
his own credit. No matter how favorably situated a place 
may be, it can not control trade unless its merchants are in a position to 
meet every demand made upon them. Tucson is no more favorably situated 
than several other points in Southern Arizona, but the appreciation of the 
dynamical law referred to has given it control of the trade of this section. 
Our merchants realize the nature of their supremacy, and the visitor who 
has not closely considered the conditions, marvels at the immense stocks 
of merchandise they carry. The maintenance of this tenoire, however, de- 
pended for years upon one firm exclusively, and to their capital and enter- 
prise must be imputed its present existence. 

The origin of the firm of L. Zeckendorf & Co. dates from 1854, but the 
present establishment was founded fourteen years later. For over twenty 
years it has been under the immediate management of Mr. Albert Steinfeld, 
the resident partner, to whose energy and ability is due the prosperity of 
the house and its present high reputation for enterprise and integrity. The 
senior partner, Mr. TvOiiis Zeckendorf, resides permanently in New York, and 
handles the Eastern business of the house. 

The Tucson establishment is located on the corner of Pearl and Main 
streets, and comprises two large stores, one 85x188 feet, with basement de- 
voted to general merchandise, and the other 65x150 feet, wherein is kept the 
largest stock of furniture, carpets, etc., in the Territory. Besides these two 
immense structures, the firm has a large warehouse at the railroad depot. The 
business of the firm is not confined to merchandising; it buys and sells 
hides, makes advances on ore consignments and transacts a general bank- 
ing and agency business. 

Its importations are made direct from manufacturers in carload lots, 
and it has the exclusive handling for Southern Arizona of some of the 
most reputable brands of goods. The smaller merchants find it to their 
advantage to purchase from them in preference to ordering direct, and as 



"^8 Treasure Land. 

Tucson is made a distributing point by the Southern Pacific company, a large 
wholesale and jobbing trade is transacted with tributary towns. 

The management of such an extensive business calls for executive 
ability of the highest order and the employment of able subordinates, and by 
judicious selection and fair treatment the firm has gathered a corps of as- 
sistants unequalled in the country. 

Mr. Steinfeld is assisted in the management by Mr. Hugo J. Donau, one 
of the brightest young business men in the Territory, whose experience covers 
every department and gives him a ready grasp of every situation. 

The office is in charge of Mr. Frank B. Wightman, head bookkeeper; Mr. 
Adolph Steinfeld, assistant; Thos. A. Legarra, lull clerk, and Miss Clara 
Evans, cashier, all first class people and experts in their positions. 

Mr. Frank H. Lee is in charge of the wholesale grocery department and is 
probably as well posted on freight rates as any inan in the country. 

The retail grocery department is superintended by Mr. R. J. Adams, an 
experienced man, who, during the short time he has been with the firm 
has proved himself a valuable acquisition. 

The hardware department, wholesale and retail, is in charge of Mr. J. 
H. Caister, formerly resident territorial agent for The Simmonds Hardware 
Company, of St. Louis. 

Mr. A. Aliunde, with a corps of assistants, has supervised the large 
wholesale dry goods department for many years, and his knowledge of the 
business and treatment of the patrons of the house has done much to 
accredit it. 

The retail department is handled by Mr. Henry S. Campbell, one of the 
best salesmen and managers in the West. He makes semi-annual trips to 
the East to select seasonable novelties, and since his connection with the 
firm, the ladies of Tucson have had no occasion to send elsewhere for their 
gowns in order to be fashionable. 

Mr. A. J. Fink has charge of the notions and millinery department, as- 
sisted by Miss Millie Katzenstein. 

Mr. Fernando E. Aguilar has been in the firm's employ for fifteen years, 
advancing step by step until he is now the head of the gents' furnishing 
department. 

Mr. Vic. Hanney has charge of the clothing department, and handles the 
largest and best-selected stock in tlae territory. 

Mr. Harry Drachman is a native son of the southwest, and was the 
first American child born of American parents in Tucson. He has been with 
the firm for thirteen years and has charge of the shoe department, for 
which he has established such a reputation for fair dealing that the L. Z. & 
Co. brands of shoes are accredited all over the territory. He is also city 
treasurer and a prominent member of the Knights of Pythias. 

The business of these departments is all transacted under the one roof, 
and the facilities surpass anything found outside of the largest emporiums 
in the country. The visitor who surveys the busy scene from the balcony 
that extends along three sides of the interior will hardly credit the evidence 
of his senses, and imagines himself in one of the largest department stores 
of New York. Twenty-five clerks are constantly moving about, attending 
to the wants of customers or putting up orders, while the packing room 
in the rear presents one of the busiest scenes imaginable. 

Leaving the main store and crossing Pearl street, we reach the furniture 
department, presided over by Mr. Ed. W. Bowers, one of the most ex- 
perienced furniture men in the country, who came here originally for his 
health. His stock is not only the largest in the Territory, but the best- 
selected, everything being new and of the very latest design. His orders 
come direct from the leading factories in carload lots, and he is able to 
defy competition. He keeps a force of upholsterers constantly employed, and 
his trade extends over Southern Arizona and Sonora. 



A L/\ND or BEEr 

AS Well as Bullion. 



r 






\&k. 



^Li'^'i: 








SiEKKA BoNiTA RANCH: Home Raucli and Cattle. 



TLII: S>TOCrxri/\rL 

Without (I cave to ivviiikle his l>yoii\ 

He riiJen o'er the iiiesas green diid hroien: 

And if he tiiiiiks, 'tis to ironder hoir 
Some people eon lire in a town ! 

For the StockiiKin's life is as trihl oiid free 
As a bird's, as he skims o'er the (jmssy sea : 
And he rides or i-ests. at his oirn street irill. 
W'liile till' J-eeres (jroir fatter on plain and hill. 



so Treasure Land. 

A Land of '^^^^ question of beef supply has been a leading one fvom 

u f W 11 ^'™^ immemorial and previously. It has lost none of its 
Beei as wen importance, and while Ave do not propose to devote so 

as Bullion. much attention to it in the future as at present, we note 

the fact that it is an important industry and a very profit- 
able one. For the present, and until the land is required for agricultural 
purposes, about one-half of Arizona's area can be used for grazing lands 
of superior quality. The climate of Southern Arizona is peculiarly favor- 
able both to the healthful development and inexpensive care of animals, 
and they are liere exempt to a large extent from the numerous diseases 
with which they become afflicted in most parts of the country. 

Cattle, sheep and horses are of the improved breeds, and progress has 
lieen continually made in this direction. 

The development of the artesian water supply and the erection of sur- 
face Avells and windmills, the conditions for which seem most favorable, 
will render the whole extent of our grazing lands available. 

Alfalfa flourishes here as it does nowhere else, and the fattening of cat- 
lle and hogs on the farms has become a most profitable business. 

There were shipped from the territory during the past fiscal year, 
ending June 30, 189G, 220,583 head of cattle, which, at an average value of 
$12.50 per head, gave a return of $2,757,287.50. 

When the military posts established under the Spanish 
The First ^"^^ ^^ protect the northern frontier of Mexico were 

abandoned, after the revolution, the bloody Apache in 
Graziers. the west, and the warlike Comanche in the east, overran 

the country. Prior to this time the country lying in what 
is now Pima county was celebrated as one of the finest stock ranges in 
Mexico. The ranches belonging to the Elias family, of Arispe, who were 
wealthy graziers, carried more than 100,000 head of cattle, and branded 
yearly from 25,000 to 30,000 head of calves; all of which were swept away, 
together with the stock of the other ranches on the San Pedro and the 
Santa Cruz, by the Apaches, between the years 1830 and 1840. The ranches 
were abandoned, the rancheros seeking shelter in the nighboring presidios 
and pueblos of Tucson, Tubac and Santa Cruz, where they maintained a 
doubtful defense against the savages. 

Stock Raising^ "^be facilities afforded by nature for the growing of 
horses, cattle and sheep in Pima county are equal, if 
1^ not superior, to those of any other portion of the United 

Pima County. states, its mild and delightful climate, its extensive 
ranges, and the variety of feed which they contain con- 
tribute to this. 

Experience shows that cattle thrive imder the tropical heat of the sum- 
mers, while the mildness of the winter climate is exceedingly well adapted 
to the growth and development of stock. The entire absence of blizzards 
and snow storms makes the ranges peculiarly valuable. It is not necessary 
to store feed for winter use, thus avoiding the expense of cutting, hauling 
and storing the enormous quantities of hay necessary for the maintenance 
of large herds in less favored sections of the country. 

In order that cattle may thrive, it is necessary that they have large 
tracts of unoccupied land upon Avhich to graze. The raising of large herds 
in limited enclosures has been found not only expensive, but practically 
impossible. Pima county being as yet sparsely poptilated, furnishes ranch- 
men wide and extensive ranges for their stock. With mountain and rolling 
hills on the one hand, and forest and grassy plains on the other, the advant- 
ages for breeding are superior. 

Our ranges afford a great variety of feed for stock, but they may be 
classed into the general heads, grasses, broAvse and cacti. 



A Land of Beef as Well as Bullion. 81 

There are a great mauy species of grasses. They may be subdivided 
into two classes— seed and root grasses. Seed grasses are those which come 
from the seed after the rainy seasons, and of these there is a great variety. 
While they are still green and tender they make excellent feed for stock, 
and when they mature their seed is exceedingly fattening. Under this sub- 
head, too, must be considered the countless varieties of weeds which are 
produced by the winter rains, and which make very fine feed, especially 
when they come into seed. Root grass, in addition to growing from the 
seed, also sprouts from the roots, and lives throughout the year, and is 
very valuable for stock purposes. 

The value of browse as feed for stock can not be overestimated. In 
fact, without it stock, and especially cattle, do not seem to do well. The 
trees which furnish this browse are the "mesquite," "palo verde," "tesota," 
"binorama," which grow on the bottoms and rolling mesas, and many 
scrub plants of the foothills and mountain sides. Each one of these pro- 
duces first a blossom and then either a berry or a bean, both of which are 
greatly relished by stock. The flower and bean of the "mesquite," "palo 
verde" and "tesota" are particularly nourishing and fattening, and when 
they are in season stock prefer them to all other kinds of food. 

Cacti are a growth peculiar to tropical climates. They are very abund- 
ant in Pima county, and include a great number of species. For stock pur- 
poses, however, the principal kinds are the Tuna and" the Cholla. Both of 
these are very thorny species, and to one who has not seen it, it seems im- 
possible that anything with flesh and feeling could eat it. However, when 
the sprigs are young and tender, cattle will travel miles to get them. 

The great variety of feed, and the fact that these are constantly succeed- 
ing each other, throughout the year, in their seasons of maturity, are the 
chief and peculiar advantages which ranges in Pima county offer for the 
raising of stock. 

The natural increase of cattle equals that of the most favored section 
of the range area. Ninety and 95 per cent, is not unusual when the max- 
imum number of bulls is kept. This is owing to the perfect climate and 
extreme healthfulness and purity of the air. The loss from all sources is 
estimated not to exceed 3 per cent, yearly, and epidemic diseases are un- 
known. No part of the United States can produce cheaper beef than 
Arizona, and none brings more profit to the cattlemen. On the broad plains 
and rich pastures of Southern Arizona fortunes are awaiting men of 
energy and enterprise. The vast stretches of rich pasture land will yet be 
utilized and covered with thousands of cattle. 

While vicious acts of cattle do not often materialize, the 

The Perils of inexperienced cowboj' occasionally receives a lesson in 

prudence, as the following incident Avill show: 

Branding'. "The operation of branding proceeded as usual, one 

man roping the animal from his horse and dragging it 

into the side corral (or enclosure), another casting and tying, while a third 

branded, ear-marked and castrated. 

"The man to Avhom had been assigned the work of branding had oc- 
casion to step into the main corral at the moment that a throAV of the lasso 
had caused a commotion aniong the cattle gathered there, and the herd 
rushed towards him. 

"Taking it for granted that they would pass to one side of him, as they 
had done before, he paid little heed to them, but one vicious heifer, who 
had already given some trouble, became frantic and furious, and seeing a 
man on foot, she bounded towards him with frothing mouth and lashing 
tail. He did not observe her until she was upon him, and then his danger 
paralyzed him. His strength forsook him nnd the iron in his hand fell from 
his nerveless grasp. There was no hope of escape, and he felt himself 
falling when he was jerked upward from the ground and lost consciousness. 



82 Treasin-e Lavfl. 

"When be recovered he learned that one of his companions had bo(>n 
quick to notice his peril and, seeing that nothing could be done to stop the 
brute's furious onslaught, had lassoed him in a flash and hauled him out of 
the line of danger." 

You can not very well do it if you travel in Arizona ex- 

KeCD off the tensively, especially in the southern section. At this 

season of the year (spring) v\'e have more different kinds 

Grass. of grasses than any country on earth, and they grow as 

if it was their only opportunity. For range purposes, 

however, we count only on eleven different indigenous and acclimated 

plants that, curing on the stalk, without cutting or other attention at the 

hand of man, comprise the great bulk of our valuable fattening food for 

range stock. The following is a list of the plants referred to: 

Sporobulus ivrightii (Sacaton grass)— This grass is found principally in 
the valleys, reaches the height of eight or nine feet, grows some all the year, 
but very rapidly after .July rains, and blooms in September. It is very 
hardy, stands a great deal of pasturing, but is readily killed out by tire. 
It grows both from seed and the roots; is hard to mow on account of grow- 
ing tussocks, but makes excellent hay when cut early. 

Chloris alba— An annual grass growing largely in swales where there 
is rich soil, frequently overflowed. It has a large proportion of seed, much 
sought after by stock, and produces a large quantity of foliage, making 
excellent food. It is in some parts called CroAvfoot grama. 

Bouteloua oligostachya (blue grama, mesquite grass)— This grass is 
the main reliance of range stock in Arizona, and it is eaten by them in 
preference to any other. Cut for hay at the period of its growth when the 
seed has just passed the milk stage, it is very nutritious. Horses used 
every day keep in good flesh when fed upon it exclusively. It cures better 
on the stalk, retaining more of its substance, and lasts longer into the fol- 
lowing year than any other range grass. It is not readily tramped out, 
stands droughts well, and on ranges where it has apparently disappeared 
because of droughts and overstocking comes again when rains are plentiful. 

Aristida (white grama)— The Mexicans call this grass cMno, or the 
curly grama. It is to all appearances the same as the blue grama, and is 
about the same for food for stock on the range, but there is much less of it. 
It is distinguished from the blue by a white flowering head. 

Bouteloua polijstacJuja (low grama grass)— Grows rank on the edges of 
ponds and where the water stands for a month or more during and after 
the rainy season, also along slow-running streams. It is also found on 
many varieties of soil, both on the mesas and on the prairie. It has the fat- 
tening properties of all the grama grasses. 

Buchloe dactyloidcs (buffalo grass)— This grass furnishes a great 
amount of feed, makes more of a sod than any other range grass, and is 
A aluable next after the grama. It is evenly and closely eaten by stock, and 
grows from the seed and from the offshoots, as does Bermuda grass. 

Hila7-ia James II. (Galleta or black bunch grass)— While not considered 
a first-class grass, is valued on account of being exceedingly hardy, with- 
standing great drought; does not tramp out; niakes good hay when cut in 
season; certain soils seem to much improve its nutritive qualities. 

Festuca (pine bunch grass)— Found throughout all the pine woods region 
of Arizona; is valued very highly as winter range feed and makes fair 
hay, but not as good as the grama grasses. 

Atriplex (white sage)— Very valuable in Northern Arizona, where the 
snow often falls to a depth to cover the most of the summer grasses; stock 
at such times live and thrive upon this plant, which grows on the order of 
a small bush or shrub. 



A Land of Beef an Well as Bullion. 8;5 

Erodium (alfilaria)— This is a plant native of California, brouglit in tlie 
first instance in the wool of floclvS of sheep to the territory; found to do 
very well in the lower plains of Southern Arizona; is very fattening and 
is highly valued as a spring food, starting with very little rain and before 
any of the native grasses. 

Medicago sativa (alfalfa)— This plant is called in different portions of the 
world French clover, Spanish trefoil, Brazilian clover, Chilean clover, 
inedick, and lucerne. It is being cultivated in all parts of the United 
States, but it no part does it surpass the growth attained here on the irri- 
gated lands. It furnishes food equally valuable for all kinds of stock, both 
green and dry, and as a forage plant is invaluable to the stockmen of the 
territory. It is of very ancient origin, having been cultivated in Greece 
live hundred years before the Christian era. 

Future We make the following e.^tract from the Governor's Re- 

f fVi r t+i P^*"* ^^^ 1895: 

or tne Lame "1^ iggs it was believed, and this belief continued for 

Industry. a number of years, until in the '90s, that the production 

of beef was below the actual demand for consumption— 
that is, that the percentage of population was increasing faster than the 
percentage of beef. Prices fell, however, in spite of theories, and contin- 
ued to fall. Cattle men in every section of the country charged this condi- 
tion of affairs to the large beef packers of Chicago. The government was 
induced to look into it; senate committees investigated exhaustively, and 
all interested watched closely. The result attained was that the packers 
only followed the rule of all commercial men — bought when they could 
get the cheapest and sold when their product commanded the best price. 
In fact, the charges against them Avere not proven. Arizona cattle men 
suffered in common with all others from the depressed condition of affairs, 
but a much better feeling pervades the community, since it is believed that 
overproduction caused the low prices. The cattle men have regulated their 
expense to meet their incomes. They now feel, because of substantial ad- 
vance in prices received this year and the assurance of good range feed for 
some 3'ears to come, that their business is in a better condition than it has 
been for a long time past. With proper home legislation and governmental 
compliance with their just requests, there is every reason to hope that the 
dark days of depression are over. All our range men who can are increas- 
ing their holdings. Quite a number of Northern cattle men have been buy- 
ing stocked ranges in Arizona, seeing that a turn in the business for the 
better is near at hand. 

"The question is often asked, 'How long will the range business last?' 
.lohn J. Clay, Jr., who concededly stands at the head for his intimate 
knowledge of range conditions in every part of America from the earliest 
days of ranching on the plains to the present time, and whose success is 
phenomenal as an all-around cattle man from the range to the great Chi- 
cago market, where he stands easily first, adding weight and value to what 
he says, answers this question in his Live Stock Report, as follows: 

" 'That is easily answered. It is here to stay, probably on different con- 
ditions, but it is a part and parcel of our American agriculture. It is a 
means to an end. That end is beef or mutton, and as long as the plains 
and mountains exist, with pi'esent climatic conditions, so will ranching. It 
will be our great reservoir from which we can draw an endless number of 
cattle and sheep, some of them fat, but most of them only feeders. Fences 
will increase, meadows watered by mountain streams will be more numer- 
ous, but there will still remain, whether surrounded by barbed wire or not, 
a vast pastoral region which can only be used as a grazing groimd. 

" 'Life in the West, whether it be by some quiet stream that meanders 
through the plains or under the shade of a snow-capped mountain, will al- 



8i Treasure Land. 

ways have an attractive side. The air is pure, the climate fine, and there 
is a freedom about it vphich compensates more or less for the sweets of civ- 
ilization. 

" 'Families grow up in Spartan simplicity, adapting themselves to the 
circumstances surrounding the frontier, bvit they are silently building up. 
with cattle and sheep, with spade and shovel, by school and teacher, a great 
empire which thrives on the arts of peace and the sinew of the worker. 

" 'In the distance I see the wild and woolly cowboy gradually trans- 
formed into a quiet, unassuming citizen, with his homestead, meadow and 
grazing lands, taking no chances except those which nature seems to pro- 
vide in every clime and country. 

" 'The work of revolution has begun, and the cattle ou a thousand hills 
will have hundreds of owners, who will improve their quality as well as 
provide a greater quantity.' " 

p- X Dr. .T. A. Monk, of 124i/^ S. Spring street, Los Angeles, 

has the most complete library of Arizona literature in 

Impressions the coimtry, and to him we are indebted for the fol- 

of Arizona lowing: 

I took my first glimpse of Arizona in the spring of 
1884, and was so much impressed by what I saw that it has had me 
fascinated ever since. 

I entered the territory by Stein's pass on the Southern Pacific rail- 
road, and stopped at Bowie station, near which place I spent several 
weeks on a cattle ranch. 

Just before reaching San Simon station in the San Simon valley, 
there was pointed out to me, from tlie car window. San Simon's Head, 
in the Chiricahua mountains. It is a perfect profile of a man's head 
in repose, facing the sky. Nearby towers a noble butte, called Helen's 
Doom, Avhich received its name from a tragedy that happened many 
years ago, when an army officer's daughter threw herself from its sum- 
mit to certain death in order to escape a more horrible fate at the 
liands of pursuing Indians. 

At its base winds Apache pass, notorious in early days for the large 
number of miu'ders committed by the Apaches under their great leader, 
Cochise, when overland travel to the Pacific was made by stage over 
the Butterfield route. 

In a cluster of hills midway of the pass nestles Fort Bowie, which 
was established late in the '60's for the protection of travelers and 
settlers, and has witnessed many a hard-fought battle with the Indians 
who infested that region. 

Upon the opposite slope stands bold Dos Cabezas, whose giant double 
head of solid granite is a conspicuous landmark over a wide scope of 
country. 

Next comes Railroad pass, which was named by Lieut. J. G. Parke 
in 1885 on account of its easy grade and facility for railroad construc- 
tion. It is a fine cattle range and its broad meadows of the nutritious 
gi-ama grass is the feeding ground for the herds of the Pinaleno ranch. 

From the pass, in a southwesterly direction, can be seen the rocky 
pinnacles of Cochise's stronghold in the Dragoon mountains, where the 
doughty Apache chief had his favorite rendezvous for many years, and 
into which place, when closely pressed, he invariably retreated for safety. 

High above the surrounding country majestic Mt. Graham rears its 
pine-crested head at an elevation of nearly 11,000 feet aboA^e the sea 
level. 

Everything was new and entirely different from anything that I had 
seen before. The landscape was strangely fascinating; mountains 
bounded the horizon in every direction, and a veil of purple haze softened 
every object in sight. 



A Land of Beef as Well an Bvllioii. 85 

One year prior to my visit, my brother. Judge E. R. Monk, located 
Pinaleno ranch in Raihoad pass and stocked it with cattle. It was in 
the height of the cattle boom, when a scrub Mexican cow and calf de- 
livered on the range cost $30. To make such a start was risky business, 
not only because of the high prices of cattle, but also on account of 
frequent raids that were made by hostile Indians, when ranchmen were 
killed and the stock driven off. However, the venture proved a success, 
and after many years of vicissitude, such as are incident to the stock 
business, the M. O. K. outfit still occupies its old range. 

The drive to the ranch was delightful, being about ten miles out, and 
reached by a road that skirted the Dos Cabezas mountains. Being a 
new range there was an abundance of grass everywhere and the cattle 
fared sumptuously. Riding the range daily with the cowboys, inspecting 
the cattle and watching their playful antics but gave me the desired 
opportunity to see the country in detail and enjoy my outing to the 
fullest extent. 

Old Indian trails were numerous, and abandoned mescal pits showed 
where, in days gone by, the Apaches had camped and feasted on mescal 
and pinole. Railroad pass was at one time a favorite haunt of the Apaches, 
and even as late as the date of my visit "'there was enough danger from 
raiding Indians to make life exciting. 

In the previous winter. Gen. Crook had driven the Apache chief, 
Juh, and his renegades, into Mexico, where after an unusually hard 
campaign he captured them in the Sierra Madre mountains. They were 
brought back to their reservation nt San Carlos and put to work raising 
grain instead of lifting scalps. The last contingent of about thirty 
prisoners, with their guards and herds of horses and cattle, crossed our 
range, and their fantastic appearance was an amusing sight to a tender- 
foot, particularly as the Indians were harmless. 

One of my first acquaintances was Col. H. C. Hooker, 
Sierra Bonita '^"^^ since then I have often enjoyed his genial hospi- 
tality. He is the proprietor of the Sierra Bonita ranch, 

Ranch. which is the most valuable ranch property in the ter- 

ritory. It is located in Sulphur Spring valley, twenty- 
two miles north of Wilcox and ten miles south of Fort Grant. He has 
;in ideal ranch home, which is a large, commodious house, built in the 
Spanish style and elegantly furnished with all the latest modern im- 
provements. In the midst of his interesting family and surrounded by 
friends, he is fixed to enjoy the evening of his life in contentment and 
plenty. He is a New Hampshire man and went to Arizona and settled 
in his present location in 1863. He owns a large tract of land, which is 
all under fence, and he has spent much time and money in experimental 
farming. I saw as heavj- grass and grain growing on his place as ever 
grew anywhere. His herds consist of Durham and Hereford thorough- 
bred and high-grade cattle, which command the highest market price. 
His horses are equally good, and, indeed, he is only satisfied when he 
has the best of everything. 

He has lived in Arizona for thirty odd years and has had the ex- 
perience of all pioneers in settling up a new country. He has been in 
great peril from the Indians and he told me that in that time he has 
had forty men killed by them. He has also lost much stock, which loss, 
though caused by the Indians, the government, even at this late day, 
lias failed to make good. 

The regular force of employes numbers twenty-five, all the best 
men in their lines, and the rate of wages runs from $30 to ,$75 per month 
and board. Mr. Hooker believes in securing the best of everything, in- 
cluding help, and adherence to this principle has brought him the success 
that now crowns his efforts. 



86 



Treasure Lund. 



To this principle must also be attributed the perfection 
of his herds, which by judicious selection of strains, 
Cattle Stock. after careful experiment with each, has made his brand 
a guarantee of perfection. He experimented with Dur- 
liam and other breeds and finally adopted the Hereford 
oil account of its superior quality as a grass feeder. In 1881 he pur- 
chased L'20 head of registered bulls from T. L. Miller, of Beecher, 111., 
for $30,000, then the largest importer of Herefords in the United States. 
New blood has been constantly added since, and he now has the tiuest 
herd in the country. His grass-fed steers average from twelve hundred 
to fourteen hundred pounds and command the highest market price. The 
records of the English market show that grass-fed Herefords bring the 
same price as grain-fed Durhams, and his experience has demonstrated 
the fact that they ought to. They not only thrive on grass, but have 
better "rustling" qualities thau any other breed, and can be depended 
upon to hold flesh when common cattle on the same range run to bone 
and horn. 

5^qq|j During the spring of 1897, 3,500 head of cattle have 

been shipped from the range, including 300 young bulls 
Breeding' and 1,000 cows to Eastern markets for breeding pur- 

Farm. poses, all bringing the highest market prices. 

It would be strange if a progressive man like Mr. 
Hooker remained contented as a meat purveyor for the Eastern market 
with one of the best breeding ranges in the world about him. On his 
property all the very best features of the Hereford breed are brought 
out, and this fact so impressed itself upon him that he realized that a 
demand for stock cattle from less famed sections of the country wouhl 
arise as soon as it became known that he could meet it. 

This he is now prepared to meet, and the time is not far distant when 
the Sierra Bonita strain will become distinctive in the market. 

As intimated in the beginning, the impressions that were made on 
my first visit to Arizona were deep, and the interest then awakened has 
not diminished, but has increased with each subsequent trip. Its at- 
tractions are many which, if described in detail, would fill a large book. 
It contains great natural wealth which in time is destined to make it 
one of the richest commonwealths of the Union. 




OccJDKNT.vi. Hotel, Tucson.— Cattlemen's He;nlciiiarter.s. 



^4 Land of Beef a^ Well as BuUion. 




Fkdekal Offhees : 
W. K. Meade, U. S. Marshal. 4. J. D. Breatliitt, U. S. Special Agent. 

Geo. J. Roskruge, Surveyor General. 5. E. R. Monk, Receiver Land Office. 

C. DeGroff, Postmaster. 6. E. J. Trippel, Register Land Office, 



The Rodeo. 



Fortunes are made by taking advantage of opportunities, 

but the most successful men are those who, by the exercise 

of good judgment and the judicious use of a little money, 

make their own opportunities. Some men waste their 

energies sitting around hotel offices and waiting for a good 

thing to come along, while others hunt up the good things 

or make them. Tucson is, just now, a field for endeavor and offers more 

opportunities for enterprising men than any town in the country, and people 

of this stamp realize it at once. 

Messrs. Breathitt, Trippel & Proctor are gentlemen who combine all the 
essentials of success, and as cattle, real estate and mining brokers and in- 
surance agents, they are not only going to meet opportunities, but make 
them. They have means and the confidence of their clients; are in touch 
with the markets, and their strictly honorable and advanced business 
methods place them in the front rank. Their offices are the handsomest in 
the city and the personale of the firm guarantees hospitable treatment for 
their patrons. Col. J. B. Breathitt is widely known as special agent of the 
general land office, and prior to this he was, for six years, a prominent 
member of the Missouri board of railroad commissioners, and served as 
district attorney of Saline county. Hon. E. J. Trippel came here in 1884, 
and is a son of the late Alex. Trippel, the well known mining expert. He 



88 Treasxive Land. 

has occupied many important public positions with us, having been deputy 
collector of customs, member of the legislature and register of the United 
States land office. Hon. F. B. Proctor is a practical stock raiser who has 
also served us in several public capacities which proved his quality. 

This firm is a combination of ability that can not be equaled, and with 
such favorable conditions as now exist, they are certainly on the road to 
fortune. 

Brady & Levin are the cattle dealers of the territory, their 

operations extending over the whole of it. They have 

contracts made for spring delivery for 28,000 head of cattle, 

Thoroughbreds. and could handle more, but stock raisers, in view of the 

great demand and rising prices, prefer to hold for better 

figures. They report that all the ranges are in superb 

condition, cattle looking well, and their owners full of confidence. The price 

of cattle has almost doubled in the last few years and is still going up, and 

everyone in the business will make money. This firm also handles real 

estate and mines, and insurance business, and note that property owners 

show no inclination to sell, but hold the land at fair prices. The demand is 

good, principally for residences. Both these gentlemen are home products 

of a quality we are proud of. Their fathers were pioneers and their sons 

are carrying forward the banner of progress and winning a reputation for 

themselves as sound business men and good fellows. 

The Hon. W. K. Meade followed the star of empire in 1871, 

and engaged in mining in Southern Arizona. He vividly 

Quite recalls the halcyon days when silver was king and the 

Characteristic mines were pouring out their wealth of gray treasure, and 

hopes to see them return. 

He represented Pinal county in the legislature in 1879, 
and Pima county in 1881; in 1885 he was appointed United States marshal for 
Arizona, and reappointed in 3893. He was World's Pair commissioner, by 
appointment from President Harrison in 1892, and resigned to accept the 
marshalship. 

We do not know how Judge J. S. Wood came to be called 
"Honest John," but we can understand wherefor, for with 
the exception of one term as county treasurer, he has 

Honest JOnn. occupied the office of probate judge and county school 

superintendent of Pima county since 1874. He is getting 
along in years, but is still full of vigor, and wants to see 

some more improvements before he dies. He believes we need better water 

works and a complete sewerage system, and he is right. 

The judge is ably assisted by his deputy, S. W. Purcell, Esq., a lawyer 

of no mean ability. 

Among our successful business men are several who are 
our own boys, educated in our public schools. One of 
It Is Not in them is Mr. W. E. Felix, who served his apprenticeship 

Alaska with L. Zeckendorf & Co. before founding one of the finest 

retail dry goods stores in Tucson. Being an all-around 
business man, his views on business matters merit atten- 
tion, and it is inspiring to hear him speak of our future prospects. He refers 
with much amusement to an incident in his last trip to New York to lay 
in his summer stock. He found that many intelligent people were under the 
impression that Tucson was somewhere in Alaska, which tends to show the 
necessity for some judicious advertising. 



The Tarmer's Paradise 

OR Land and Water. 





Orchard near Tucson. 



A niggard soil and unfaithful sky 
Breaks the fanner's back as the years go by, 
Tlte uncertain o'ojjs, and the interest day 
That never fails, make his hair tui-ii gray. 

But our fruitful soil, and our sunny skies, 
Fill up his soul with glad surprise: 
For his ditches I'un full in the driest years, 
And he laughs at the sky, and has no fears. 



90 Treasure Land. 

A Word Wlieu the Eastern farmer takes into consideration all 

, , _, the hardships and privations of his existence; the cou- 

10 tne eastern stant toil, poor compensation, enforced economy and the 

Farmer. sufferings from winter's frosts and summer's heat, he 

must surely come to the conclusion that he lot is indeed 
a hard one. His life is one of constant drudgery and his aLLiunulations 
of years aggregate a very small sum indeed. Now mark the difference^ 
l>y which like industry is lewarded in Southern Arizona. His manifold 
crops during the year exceed four-fold that of his Eastern farm, and the 
market price received is more than double, while the labor involved is 
no greater. His yearly return represents fully eight times as much as 
lliat from his eastern farm, while his ordinary living expenses do not 
largely exceed those prevailing there. Besides this immense pecuniary 
gain he enjoys the benefit of a genial and healthful climate where his 
.\ears of life will be prolonged and his ability for enjoyment largely en- 
hanced by the natural conditions that surround him here. His fruit 
trees mature more rapidly and bear wonderfully prolific crops, and a 
thousand other advantages are offered him. Such facts as these are 
sutticient to induce a very desirable class of immigrants to come to this 
country to till the soil and make it blossom and bear a golden harvest. 

The most permanent population is the farmer, and from the faini 
comes the most steady stream of wealth; it is the resource of the life 
and existence of the people, for without bread no people can live, and 
this must be supplied from the soil, and the planting of farms in Arizona 
is the encouragement of permanent wealth and steady prosperity and 
the retaining at home the vast volumes of money which is drained by 
the foreign market that supply our mining regions with breadstuffs and 
other products of the soil. Earm life in Arizona can be made the most 
profitable and charming of any place in the United States, and when 
this becomes known generally, there will be a large immigration of 
home-seekers to this region, but we must render our lands available for 
farming. This requires capital, and the press must be the prime factor 
in this work. With population and wealth, statehood will follow as a 
matter of course. 

Alfalfa is one of the most nutritious pasture and hay 

A Farmer's plants, and reaches perfection in this congenial climate; 

from three to five crops may be harvested in a single 

Paradise. year, yielding from two to five tons of cured hay per 

acre at each cutting, and upon this crop the range 

cattle are fattened for the slaughter and stock hogs are grown, while a 

large quantity is baled and shipped out of the territory. 

Barley, wheat, rye, oats and corn yield abundantly. Most of the 
wheat is converted into flour for local consumption, and barley forms 
the staple giain for live stock. 

It was thought at one time that potatoes could not be grown in Arizona, 
but this fallacy, like many others, agricultural and otherwise, has faded 
before the fight of experience. Large quantities of excellent tubers are 
laised, and in Southern Arizona planting and harvesting succeed each 
other almost continuously throughout the year. 

Sorghums, both sweet and non-saccharine, are extensively grown for 
live stock food. Tobacco of fair quality is grown in the country adjacent 
to Tucson, and this is preferred in some cases to the imported article. 
Recent experiments at the university show that many improved varieties 
thrive here and may be made an important farm crop. 

The conditions which serve to perfect the conditions for agriculture, 
contribute in a more marked degree to the successful carrying on of 
horticultural pursuits. 



The Farmer'a Paradise or Land and Wafer. 91 

The apricot leads in acreage uudei- cultivation and quantity of fruit 
produced, but the bright sun and congenial climate seem particularly 
fitted for the production of highly colored and luscious peaches, and the 
lieach grown here is of superior size and quality. 

Grapes for the table, for raisins, and for the manufacture of wine are 
grown cheaply and in abundance and of the very best quality in the 
vicinity of Tucson. 

Pomegranates are so common and grow so lustily that they are used 
for hedges. 

In elevated localities apples of splendid quality and large size niv 
produced and the trees are very prolific. 

The mesas and foothills have been found well adapted to the growtli 
of the orange, and the fruit has been pronounced equal in size and 
flavor to any imported from California. 

The fig tree is found in every garden, and few of our busy house- 
wives neglect to keep up a good store of delicious fig preserves. 

There is a great future for the almond. The trees grow well, are 
prolific, come into bearing early and the nuts can be placed upon the 
market when there is the the most demand for them. 

Strawberries are raised in abundance for home consumption, and tlu'ir 
flavor surpasses that of the California product. No attempts have been 
made to raise blackberries for market, but these no doubt would do well. 

We have the finest assortment of vegetables all througn the year, and 
produce the largest and best-flavored melons in the world. We simply 
plant the seed, supply the water and the climate does the rest. 

Sweet potatoes and yams yield large crops, while cabbages, beans, 
peas, lettuce and onions thrive amazingly. 

The peanut plant is prolific in sandy soils, but has not been tried 
extensively. 

What a There is nothing equal to personal experience to es- 

P • tablish a fact, and the following statement, written by a 

rarmer ib practical farmer, carries conviction in every line. It 

Doing. was not solicited by us, but we offer it as one instance 

out of many that substantiate our claim that Pima 
county offers better inducements to the farmer than any other part of 
the country: 

"The day is not very distant in the rush of American life when the 
lemarkable development of Fresno and Southern California will repeat 
itself in our beautiful valleys of Southern Arizona, and then our friends 
of the range and horned cattle will experience, perhaps, a similar sen- 
sation of astonishment at the changes which greet them here, to be 
mingled probably in a similar degree with reflections of the incredulity 
which they had felt at one time that such things could ever be. 

"The same causes will surely produce here the very same results, and 
no one who has been lately watching the signs of the times, as pre- 
sented in the present prosperous condition of the orange tree in the vicinity 
of Tucson, can help foreseeing the same wonderful experience. 

"While the triumphs of the southern section of Arizona will be great, 
as time goes on, in producing the citrus and deciduous fruits, it is not 
my purpose here to linger over these, but I will confine myself to what 
can be done in Pima county, from actual experience, in the more humble 
field of raising vegetables. I find our soil and climate not only adapted 
to all the Eastern vegetables, but with the aid of irrigation, producing 
Aegetables superior in quality and quantity to those of the Eastern and 
Central Western states. I have successfully grown in my garden this 
year, cabbages, carrots, onions, beets, celery, salsify, tomatoes, squash, 
green peas, asparagus, cauliflower, lima beans, early corn, egg plant, 



92 Treasure Land. 

artichokes, lettuce, parsnips, pumpkins, turnips and watermelons and 
cantaloupes of different varieties and of the most delicious flavor. It is 
ditficult to say which vegetable thrives best in this portion of Arizona. 
The cauliflower grows splendidly and surpasses anything that I have 
ever seen in the East. Although it is now midwinter, I have plants in 
my garden with large spreading heads, as white as snow, still growing 
and apparently unaffected by the cold nights. The beet also grows won- 
derfully in this country; they are very large in size and very sweet in 
flavor; so well adapted to our soil is this vegetable that 1 am sure it 
will be grown in the early future in Arizona on a large scale for sugar. 
Vov this reason I have watched its growth with the greatest interest, and 
the result is fully equal to my most sanguine expectations, and I hope 
to soon see a beet sugar factory established in this county. 

"Lettuce seems to be our greatest vegetable curiosity. It grows at 
all periods of the year; the coldest weather does not seem even to affect it. 
The wind scatters the seed and I find it springing up in the grass at 
considerable distances from the garden. We produce the plant in per- 
fection for the tooth, and I have seen nothing to surpass it anywhere. 
Pumpkins and squashes do well with us, the former growing to an 
immense size. The white scalloped variety also grows here to perfec- 
tion. 1 was surprised to see the artichoke and egg plant do so well in 
our climate. They seem to be at home here and are very thrifty, as, 
in fact, are all the vegetables that I have raised. 

Farmers from the East, who are accustomed to cut a 

How Alfiilfji single crop of hay from their fields in a year, are puz- 

nuw Aiidiid ^j^^j ^^^^^ incredulous when told that the soil of Arizona 

Grows. gives from four to eight crops of good alfalfa hay, and 

that the same marvelous productiveness continues year 
after year. As an instance, we cite the case of one of our farmers, with 
eight acres of alfalfa. The seed was scattered at the rate of twenty pounds 
to the acre; a good stand resulted, and in April the grass was ready to cut. 
The eight acres produced twenty tons of cured hay, and in the early part 
of June it was cut again, the crop this time being twenty-four tons. On the 
1st of .Tuly the grass was tliirty-two inches high and nearly ready for an- 
other cutting! The total yield was 168 tons, and this is not, by any means, 
an exceptional instance. 

A very superior grade of tobacco is raised in the vicinity 
Tobacco ^^ Tucson, and manufactured by L. Zeckendorf & Co. 

This brand has become very popular, and their factory 
Culture. has not lately been able to meet the demand. This firm, 

with commendable enterprise, encouraged the raising of 
tobacco by promising to utilize it, and now the yearly product is several 
tons, and the market is always increasing. It is used generally in this 
section by the Mexicans, who prefer it to the adulterated mixtures imported 
from the East. 

Experiments at the university station show that some of the finest 
grades of tobacco can be raised here, and there is no reason why this in- 
dustry should not assume larger proportions. 

Hard to Beat "^^^^ sub.iect of beet sugar production is just now of con- 
siderable interest to Southern Arizona. It has been satis- 
ill factorily demonstrated that sugar beets can be success- 
Beet Culture f"lly gi'own here, and it is also a fact that they contain 
an unusual percentage of saccharine, giving better re- 
sults than in any other part of the world. They seem to reach the highest 
perfection in the bright sunshine of Arizona, while the soil supplies abund- 
ant nourishment for their growth. They are a profitable crop to the 



The Farmer's Paradise nr Land and Water. 93 

farmer, and will prove to be a valuable addition to our industries when 
sugar works are established here. 

The agricultural experiment station of the university has lately been 
agitating the subject of sugar beet culture and distributing seeds to the 
farmers throughout the territory. 

Prof. Wm. Stowe Devol, director of stations, has kindly furnished us 
with the following facts on the subject: 

"This is par excellence the country for sugar beets. The essentials of 
successful sugar beet culture are sunshine, warmth, a proper amount of 
water, with a deep but only moderately rich soil of a friable nature— a mod- 
erately fertile sandy loam— and industry intelligently applied. These fac- 
tors abound around Tucson. Beets carefully groAAm here will contain 20 
per cent, of sugar, while in Germany, our great competitor, but 13 per cent, 
is obtained. They will not exhaust the soil in growing, for it is well known 
that the sugar which is carried off comes entirely from elements furnished 
by the atmosphere. 

"There is an advantage in growing the sugar beet here that is not pos- 
sessed by an5'^ other locality in the world. The same machmery can be 
utilized for the manufacture of beet sugar and the extraction of tannic acid 
from canaigre. 

"This being the native home of the canaigre, it can be grown here as in 
no other place, and thus an opportimity is afforded for keeping the machin- 
ery in operation the year round. 

"Canaigre is a winter, and the beet a summer-growing plant, and the 
planting of the beet seed begins about the time the cultivation of canaigre 
ceases. 

"Sugar grown under the conditions prevailing here is of the highest 
quality, and leather tanned M'ith canaigre extract is the best made, es- 
pecially for patent leather and other high grades. There can,' therefore, bo 
no question as to the future of the sugar industry in this section. 

Canaigre, Canaigre is a plant, belonging to the dock family, Avhich 

thp Crput ^^ ^ native of Arizona. Its astringent roots contain about 

me ureal ^O per cent, of tanning substance, and have been used 

Tanning Plant, as medicine by the Indians and also for the tanning of 
leather by the Mexicans. The plant begins its growth in 
the fall, under the influence of cool weather, sends up its flowei ytalk in the 
spring, and dies back as the hot summer weather comes on. The seeds 
are mostly sterile, the plant propagating itself mainly by means of the 
young roots. These roots somewhat resemble sweet potatoes in shape, 
grow in clusters, and vary from a very small size to over two pounds in 
weight. They live several years, making their chief growth the first sea- 
son, slowly increasing each year until they finally die. 

The university experiment station, though it has been in operation but 
six years, is already widely known for its work on canaigre, and as a 
result of the attention called to the subject through the station bulletins, 
the wild product has been shipped to Eastern cities and Europe. The sup- 
ply of wild roots being limited and someAvhat scattered, this product could 
not be depended upon, and a number of canaigre plantations have been es- 
tablished in Arizona. 

In this way it is proposed to carry on its cultivation upon the plan of 
the beet sugar industry, and, if possible, in connection with it. 

The commercial A^alue of canaigre is noAV well established, and the 
qualities imparted by it to leathers are unexcelled. The possibilities of a 
crop so staple as one used in the production of leather can hardly be over- 
estimated, and it requires less attention from the farmer than any other 
crop. 

The aborts now being made to demonstrate paying methods of culture 



01 Treasure Land. 

are full of promise, and it will soon become a very important addition to tlie 
material resources of Arizona. The short but interesting history of this 
new industry shows the value of experiment station work in assisting the 
development of a new country. 

Every once in a while we read in the newspapers that 
The First some pseudo-scientist has discovered the original Irish 

potato, and a short-lived celebrity is attached to his 
Potato. name. The search for the original potato is really 

wasted effoit. for the article is right here in Arizona, and 
can be found on nearly every hill. It is called the cobena, and has been a 
favorite vegetable with the Indian from time immemorial. It has a blue 
potato flower, and the root bulb, though not large, has the true potato 
flavor. There is nothing of the yam about it, and we believe it was Prof. 
Lemmon, the Avell-known botanist, who pronounced it the progenitor of our 
civilized vegetable. This ought to have settled it, but the only way some 
scientists can achieve distinction is to discover something they have read 
about. 

There is a probable advantage to be found in the sugar 
Beets and ^^^* industry in Arizona that can be found in very few 

. other localities in the United States. This is to be at- 

Canaigre. talned in combining in one factory the two industries of 

manufacturing sugar from the beet and the extraction of 
tannic acid from canaigre. Concerning this matter, Mr. C. B. Allaire, presi- 
dent and general manager of The Tanning Extract Company, at Deming, 
N. M., who has had more experience in the extraction of tannin from 
canaigre than any other individual in this country, and has also carefully 
studied the process of sugar manufacture, and whose opinion should there- 
fore have great weight, writes as follows: 

"A large part of a sugar factory could be used for extracting tannic 
acid from canaigre— of course the boilers, engine, pumps, etc., also the 
root washers, with some modification; the conveyors, slicers and diffusion 
battery, if built of copper. When it comes to the vacuum pans, both pri- 
mary and secondary, some modification would be necessary. I doubt if any 
sugar factory, already built, could be adapted to extract without a very 
large expense for copper work necessary; but if the manufacture of both 
classes of goods was contemplated before the factory Avas built, it could be 
done at an increased cost of not over .$25,000 for a 200-ton factory, and in 
my opinion there would be no trouble in thoroughly cleaning the apparatus 
so that the sugar would show no traces of color from the extract. * * * 
To adapt a factory to both classes of goods, the extra expense would not 
be so much in duplicating apparatus as in the substitution of copper for 
iron, which would be necessary for the tannin liquors, where iron answers 
every purpose for sugar. * * * INIarketing the extract might be trouble- 
some to people who had experience in sugar only, and might justify a sep- 
arate manager for that department, at least until the business was thor- 
oughly established." 

M. Swonson, of The Walburn-Swenson Company, manufacturers of be(>l 
sugar machinery, Chicago, writes respecting this matter as follows: 

"We have made quite a numlier of experim(>nts here with canaigre, and 
will say that I think the diffusion battery and evaporating plants used in 
a beet plant could be worked all right for canaigre. I do not think it would 
be necessary to use copper for the diffusion cells if these are thoroughly 
painted with acid-proof paint. You would probably have to paint them at 
least every season. The slicer and other machinery needed in the beet 
sugar factory would be equally available for canaigre." 

Others are studying the question and experimenting in the processes 
with a view of uniting the two industries as suggested above. 



The Farmer's Paradise or Land and Water. 95 

A few years since experiments were begun in California 
Bv-ProdUCt of *^ ascertain the value of beet pulp as a food for dairy 
cows. The results have been so satisfactory that the 
Beets. practice of feeding this material to dairy cows has ex- 

tended very materially, and large quantities of beet pulp 
are not only fed at or near the factories, but shipped l3y rail to considerable 
distances for feeding dairy cows. A very important by-product is the 
syrup remaining after the crystallization of the sugar. 

R^mie a There is a growing demand for ramie fiber, and we are 

Prnfitiihlp assured by the director of the Arizona experiment sta- 

rroiliaDie ^^j^^ ^i^^^ -^q is receiving offers from abroad to make con- 

Crop. tracts for it in the rough at $40 to $50 per tou. 

Experiments have been made with ramie (rhea) at 
the station, and the results obtained prove that it can be cultivated here 
commercially, and at the prices offered it will be a profitable crop. 

It is well suited to our climate and is the most prolific of textile plants, 
yielding about 250 pounds of marketable JJber to the acre. Rooted in fair, 
sandy soil, its shoots increase at the rate of 100 annually for each one 
planted. The stalks measure from five to eight feet in length, and yield a 
fiber with the fineness, gloss, and almost the tensility of silk. 

The stems when ripe are cut down, stripped of leaves and branchlets, 
and, either split or whole, are freed from their cortical layers till the last 
layer is exposed. In this state they are made up in sm.all bundles and 
placed where they receive strong sunlight, being kept slightly moist, for 
several days, after which the fibrous bast layer is peeled with ease off the 
woody core, and the separated fibers are then treated with boiling water 
to remove gummy and resinous matter, and bleached. It comes into the 
market, when fully prepared, as brilliant white filaments, with a fine silky 
gloss, having a strength, luster and smoothness unequaled by any other 
vegetable fiber. 

jijg This famous valley has been occupied by farmers for 

centuries, and the evidences of this are everywhei-e 
Santa Cruz abundant, settlements have grown up and disappeared, 

Valley. ^^^ there is not. even historical connection between the 

former and present settlers. Ruins of buildings, includ- 
ing mining works, larger and probably better than any now occupied, con- 
stitute the indisputable testimony of the comparative extent of the former 
people and their improvements. This testimony may be seen at San Xavier 
and other points near Tucson. To students and very inquisitive people, 
much that we could write in this behalf would doubtless be interesting; 
but with the farmer, stock-raiser and miner, struggling along to meet cur- 
rent necessities with hopes of something more, it would probably have a 
mere passing thought, and therefore we will turn to a brief notice of ad- 
vantages the valley no\v presents to a settler, and some of its improvements. 

Like many other sti-eams in Arizona, the Santa Cruz runs under ground 
liore, and sinks entirely just below the city. Of course water can be had 
anywhere by digging, and by proper economy in saving and distribution, 
many more farms could be supplied with the running water, and this is 
evidently recognized by the people who are now beginning to make new 
iionies at various points in the valley. Rich bottom land is miles wide 
liore and there, with table and mountain lands, covered with the best 
grasses. In the vicinity of San Xavier the valley is covered with a heavy 
growth of mesquite, enough to supply fuel for years, and near the stream 
•ire found cottouwood and willows. High up the valley, or rather in the 
elevated lands adjacent, there is live oak. At this time the valley is about 
equally devoted lo stock-raising and farming. The more desirable sections 
near it are alive with cattle, and as a whole they are in fine condition. The 



96 Treasure Land. 

most picturesque portion of the Santa Cruz valley is tbat adjacent to our 
city, and a more lovely spot can not be found at this season of the year. 
Fields of grain and vegetables dot the river banks for many miles; shady 
nooks and comfortable homes are found everywhere, the whole presenting 
a practical illustration of the agricultural possibilities of Arizona. 

" How Doth We can assure our readers that he does remarkably well 

. - . . in Southern Arizona, and every visitor remarks upon the 

tne Llltie superior class of honey he manufactures. Unlike the 

Busy Bee." Eastern article, sickness never follows its hearty con- 
sumption. Clear, delicious, cheap and healthful, it is 
held in high esteem by all. There are several grades of honey produced, 
however. The best is that obtained by the bees from the flowers of the 
raesquite, for which, w^heu in bloom, they leave all other food. The mes- 
quite honey is pure and white in color and of exquisite flavor. The bees 
also extract sweetness from "flowers that bloom in the spring," from the 
blossoms of the sage, the fruit and floAvers of the cactus and a hundred 
other sources. Late in the season the main dependence is on the bloom of 
alfalfa, which gives to honey a darker color and stronger flavor than the 
earlier product possesses. It is all good, and the local society of bee men 
are taking steps toward shipping it abroad in large quantities. 

He Makes ^ farmer informs us that he has taken twelve tons of 

„ f W strained honey from 182 hives of bees this season, and 

Money lOr ms expects to take fully five tons more. All this work he 
Owner. has done himself, with the assistance of his wife and boy. 

His outlay for sheds, hives and extracting machinery 
has been about $900. all of which has been paid for this season, or in other 
words, the capital invested has brought a return of 100 per cent, this year, 
which is not a bad thing in itself. As a beekeeper he is jubilant at the suc- 
cess, even after shipping the honey to Chicago for a market, where it 
brought Q^n cents a pound. 

History Adam watered the Garden of Eden from the river that 

of Irrigation went out of it. and over 2,000 years before the Christian 

frnm PiiHifct ^^'^' Nimrod built cities in the valley of the Euphrates 

irom tariieST ^^^ irrigated the lands thereof. At the saiue early period 

Times. the inhabitants of Armenia took water fi-om the 

Euphrates and Tigris to irrigate the lands between the rivers, and some of 
their canals can be traced to-day. The Hebrews brought water from the 
movintain streams of Palestine to irrigate the beautiful plains and verdant 
valleys beyond the Jordan; they constructed reservoirs for water storage, 
one of which, Solomon's pool, had a capacity of over 25,000,000 cubic 
feet. Damascus, the oldest inhabited city in the world, was irrigated from 
the Abano and Pharpar, forty centuries ago. 

Crossing over to Africa, we find that in the time of the Pharaohs 
there were over 200,000 square miles of Egypt irrigated from the Nile, and 
a storage reservoir between 600 and 700 square miles in area was con- 
structed by Amenemhat to increase the productiveness of Egypt and ward 
off calamity. Following the shores of the Mediten-anean along the coast of 
Africa, we find at almost every step abundant evidence of ancient irriga- 
tion, and learn from history that here the lands were made almost as fer- 
tile as the valley of the Nile. 

In the eighth century the Moors constructed dams and reservoirs in 
Spain, and led their canals like arteries through the land. Italy, too, had 
half a million acres under water in Lombardy alone. 

Early in the twelfth century Prance turned her rivers upon the lands 
to make them produce as they had never done before. 



The Fanner's Paradise or Land and Wider. i)7 

China has been a network of irrigation systems for thirty centuries or 
more, but her crowning achievement is the immense canal, 1,000 miles long, 
between Canton and Pekin. The southern portion of Siam is artificially 
watered, and in India canals of wonderful size and capacity cross and re- 
cross the arid plains. 

While the rainfall in Japan is three times that of the United States, 
the careful husbandman increases his crops by irrigation. In Australia, 
where most of the rivers flow inland and sink in the sands, irrigation has 
become the farmer's reliance. The Aztec empire had the most perfect sys- 
tem of irrigation and aqueducts wheu the Spaniards conquered it, and the 
old missions on the Pacific coast were furnished with water through canals 
made by the Indian converts. 

And here in Arizona, centuries before Columbus discovered America, 
a race of people of whom there is no written record constructed immense 
waterways, erected grand dwellings, and covered the earth for miles and 
miles with fields of corn; the lines of the canals they dug can be traced to- 
day, and some of them are used by our own people. 

The wonderful pasture lands of Southern Arizona early 
TaODinC the attracted the attention of stock raisers, and under both 

^^ ^ Spanish and Mexican rule, grants of land in this sec- 

UnderflOW. tlon were eagerly sought for. Some of these were 

acquired under a pledge to colonize them or protect the 
frontier against the incursions of Indians, but few of these pledges were ful- 
filled and nearly all the grants were abandoned after the withdrawal of 
the Spanish troops after the establishment of the republic. Fitful at- 
tempts were made from time to time to liberate the country from the 
dominion of the savages, but the periods of peace were not of long 
duration. 

The cloud cast upon titles by these grants, for the most part abandoned 
by the original grantees, but resurrected by grasping Americans, has 
been a great drawback to settlement, and it is only since the establish- 
ment of the land court that the settlers upon them breathe freely. 

While many of them were fraudulent or had lapsed by non-user, there 
are others of which possession has been maintained and the title per- 
fected, among which is the Canoa ranch in the Santa Cruz valley, about 
forty miles south of Tucson, owned by Maish & DriscoU for the last 
twenty-seven years. It controls one of the finest grazing sections in the 
country and the situation leaves nothing to be desired. 

A few years ago the owners conceived the idea of developing the 
underflow of the river and conducting it upon the fine valley land per- 
taining to the property. Running a ditch a mile in length, with a grade 
of one inch to the rod. they obtained water enough to irrigate 400 acres, 
which are now planted to alfalfa and grain. They are confident that an 
additional mile of ditch will give them an unlimited supply of Avater. 
From this tract they have "baled this season about 5,000 bales of grain 
and alfalfa hay. They maintain over 400 hogs besides fattenmg cattle 
when necessary. This year, up to June, they had sold 2,700 head of 
cattle off this range. 

Besides the Canoa, they possess the Buena Vista ranch south of 
Calabasas, which is well watered and grassed, and several deep well 
ranges in the Papago country. 

From an interview with Mr. W. A. Hartt, who is cul- 
tivating a large area of land in the Santa Cruz valley, 
Raising^ Water, eighteen miles south of Tucson, we have obtained the 
following particulars regarding the pumping plant upon 
which he depends for water for irrigation: 



98 Treasure Laml. 

"My plant consists of two pumping engines, aggregating a capacity 
of 2,500 gallons per minute, or about 275 miners' inches. The largest 
is of the duplex-compound type, non-condensing, and they are both sup- 
plied with steam power from a horizontal tubular boiler rated at forty- 
five horse power. The well is a vertical, four-compartment shaft, twenty- 
four feet in length by twelve feet in width; three of these compartments 
have a depth of forty-two feet, and the pump foimdations are built at 
the bottom. The fourth compartment has a total depth of fifty feet and 
forms the well proper. The distance from the surface of the water to 
the point of discharge on top is forty-five feet, and the size of the dis- 
charge pipe of the large pump is fourteen inches, and of the smaller, 
seven inches. 

"The pump is automatic in operation and the speed is controlled by a 
float In the well which can be set to supply any quantity of water de- 
sired continuously. I have a cu-cular reservoir in connection with the 
plant, 350 feet in diameter, and a capacity of 7,000,000 gallons. 

"In giving an estimate of the cost of operating. 1 confine myself 
wholly to my own case, on the basis of the 100 acres actually cultivated. 
Three irrigations to each crop would be a liberal allowance any year, and 
this would require the flooding of C40 acres six times and the cost would 
not, basing the calculation on my own expense for 100 acres, exceed 
.$1.75 per acre. 

"The cost of such a pump on board the cars at Chicago will be 
about $2,500, but for a 100-acre farm a 500-gallon plant will be sufficient." 

The future agricultural development of Southern Ari- 

Storag'e zona depends upon the use of its superb facilities for 

storing the surplus waters of our rivers. A number 

Reservoirs. of these projects are under consideration, and only await 

the attention of capitalists to become established facts. 

Twenty-five miles southeast of Tucson, in the depression between the 
\Vhetstone and Rincon mountains, is the Pantano Cienega, a valley about 
fifteen miles long, with an average width of nearly two miles, except 
at the lower end, where the hills approach, leaving only a deep chasm for 
the passage of the waters. 

This valley is a M'onderful water basin, receiving during the year 
the contributions of a thousand mountain streams, and furnishing enough 
water to irrigate millions of acres. At present the waters run to Avasto. 
flowing northwest along the base of the Rincons into the Rillito, and 
finally into the Santa Cruz, a few miles north of Tucson. 

Between the Cienega and Tucson is a wide stretch of mesa land, 
twenty miles long by ten to fifteen broad, the most fertile in the world, 
and which would yield abundant crops of fruit and cereals if water were 
available. 

Several excellent reservoir sites have been located and preliminary 
surveys show that the difference In altitude of about 1,200 feet makes 
it possible to fill these from the overflow of the Cienegn. 

A short time ago the city council of Tucson agitated the matter and 
sought to secure an expert opinion on the subject from the professor of 
hydraulic engineering at the university, but as funds were not availalile 
for a thoroughly scientific examination, he did not feel at liberty to give 
an informal opinion. Nevertheless, the impi-ession made by his state- 
ment was to the effect that the project presented no insuperable natural 
difficulties. 

Surveyor General Geo. J. Roskruge, who had surveyed the ground, 
and, we believe, located the reservoir sites, claims that the only diffi- 
culty in the way of utilizing the Cienega waters is the lack of capital. 
There is water in abundance, and the investment would yield better re- 
turns in a few years than any similar enterprise in the territory. 



The Farmer's Paradise or Land and Water. 99 

Tlie In the matter of developing the overflows of the Santa 

-^ . Cruz and Rillito, it has been fully demonstrated by 

OverilOWS OI practical and successful experiments (as will be seen 
the Rivers. elsewhere in this volume) that there is no limit to the 

amount of water that can be made available for agri- 
cultural purposes. These exiieriments, however, have been made on a 
small scale with local capital, and without those facilities that ample 
means would aiford. 

There are few parts of the valley where underground streams of con- 
siderable volume can not be tapped and the waters brought to the surface. 
The Santa Cruz river carries water enough by our doors during the 
rainy seasons to irrigate a principality. Most of it can be saved for use 
during the dry seasons by the construction of reservoirs along its route, 
and distributed over the fertile lands that fringe its course. 

Natural "^^^ reader must not infer from our reference to reser- 

. voir sites that these are mere locations of level surface 

Reservoir requiring an elaborate and expensive work of excavation. 

Sites. They are for the most part natural reservoir sites; de- 

pressions formed by nature, or, perhaps, excavated by the 
primitive race that once densely populated the valley. The amount of work 
required to place them in condition is comparatively trifling. Tlie 
average cost per acre-foot of capacity of sixteen of the largest reservoirs 
in California does not exceed ^15. This does not include the cost of 
distributing canals or other works incidental to the irrigation system. The 
Bear Valley i-eservoir cost $5.30, and we do not believe that the construc- 
tion, or rather the rehabilitation of the proposed reservoirs in this valley 
will cost half this amount. 

It was left to individual enterprise to prove the feas- 

The Tucson ibility of the development of the underflow of the Santa 

Cruz river. A local firm purchased the old Warner mill 

Caual. property at the base of Sentinel peak and proposed to 

irrigate several acres of valley land from the lake, and 

succeeded in accomplislTing even more than they had planned. 

At the base of Sentinel peak the bedrock rises almost to the surface, 
thrusting the water up. Warner lake was supposed to be merely a 
storage reservoir, the importance of the springs that fed it being under- 
estimated, and Avhen they proposed to irrigate from this body of water, 
never more than thirty-seven acres in area, it would, naturally, soon be 
drained. Such would have been the case if they had relied upon the 
storage proposition, but they knew that it was a question of the whole 
drainage of the valley, and to confirm their judgment they drove a piece 
of four-inch casing to bed rock, exploded powder at the bottom, and ob- 
tained a rush of water that rose several feet into the air. Thirty lengths 
of four and six-inch casing were driven down eight and ten feet and 
two feet apart to ascertain whether or not the supply could be diminished, 
i)nt no diminution resulted, and having thus proved that the supply of 
water was practically inexhaustible, they proceeded to run their canals 
through the valley, and now have six miles of main canal, irrigating 
about 1.500 acres. They are satisfied that they can develop sufficient 
water to irrigate at least 8,000 acres, but having to depend upon their 
own capital their progress is necessarily slow. 

Three miles north of Tucson, a change of grade gives them a fall in 
their main canal of twenty-five feet, and they contemplate utilizing this 
for power purposes. It will piobably develop from forty-five to fifty 
horse power and run a fifty-barrel flour mill. 

Tliere are many points on the Santa Cruz river where their opera- 



100 



Trcasiire Land. 



An Irrigfation 
Project. 



tions can be duplicated, while the valley of the Rillito can all be ini- 
gated from that stream by a modification of the same principle. The 
expense is not too great to deter private enterprise, and the returns from 
the outlay will prove a handsome recompense. 

The land lying along the Santa Cruz river, between 
Tucson and the Sonora line, a distance of over eighty 
miles and of an average width of two miles, contains 
160 square miles, or 102,400 acres of valley land, all 
of which is suitable for alfalfa, sugar beets, grains, 
fruits and vegetables of all kinds. 

These lands, located on both sides of the river, can be reclaimed by 
different systems of irrigation, either by the construction of reservoirs at 
the base of the 7nesa lands, to be filled by the waters of the Santa Cruz 
river during the flood season from July to October, or by the construc- 
tion of a dam at Guevavi, near the Sonora line, where the bed rock 
comes near to the surface. A dam at that point would be about 450 yards in 
length on top, and at a height of forty feet would back the flow waters 
two and one-half miles. Allowing eighteen feet per mile of fall to the 
river, an average width of one mile and a depth of ten feet, the reser- 
voir capacity would be about 1.000,000 cubic feet of water, or enough 
to irrigate 10,890 acres. The underfloAV waters could also be developed 
at other points where the bed rock is close to the surface, by runniiij; 
open cuts below the water level. Some of these points are located at 
Calabasas, Agua Fria. Tubac, Otero, Canoa, San Xavier and near the 
smelter, north of Tucson. 




Tucson Philharmonic Band. 



102 Treasure Land. 

THI: .STOI^Y or rHIl UNIVCPSn V or AI^IZONA. 

There is no section of tlie United States wliicti has, coiupaied with its 
population, better educational facilities than Arizona. 

The University, at Tucson, and the Normal School, at Tempe, are both 
institutions which, in equipment and thoroughness of instruction, have few 
superiors. 

If the reader is specially interested in the subject of higher education, 
he will appreciate the difiiculties under which we have labored in estab- 
lishing a university at this early stage of our political career, respect the 
aspirations that gave it birth, and wonder at its present prosperous condi- 
tion. 

Its foundation is the result of the labors of a few far-seeing men, who 
knew that the social advancement of a community is best shown by a rec- 
ognition of education, not merely as a necessity for the ordinary affairs of 
life, but as a means of reaching those broader fields of duty and endeavor 
whose horizon reaches as far as Thought extends. 

In the case of the University of Arizona, labor Avas fruitless until op- 
portunity came, like a providence, and made achievement possible to those 
who waited. 

At the beginning of the session of tlie territorial legislature held at 
Prescott in 1885, a combination was formed to prevent the removal of the 
capital, and as the Pima county members had no special instructions, they 
acquiesced in the arrangement. As the session advanced, however, an un- 
easy feeling pervaded the county that our people Avere going to receive 
nothing but a general interest in a few laws of doubtful value, and a com- 
mittee of two, consisting of a prominent stock-raiser and a grip-sack, were 
transmitted to I'rescott to urge our members to secure the capital for 
Tucson. The committee arrived in the north too late to accomplish any- 
thing and returned home with a moving tale of trust betrayed and oppor- 
tunity neglected. Tucson was worked up to a high point of indignation, 
that vociferated on the street corners, deluged the public press and bur- 
dened the mails without finding relief. The echoes of this emotion reached 
Prescott, and our members felt that they had to do something to pacify 
their constituents. An effort had been made, in the early part of the ses- 
sion, to pass a university bill for the benefit of Tucson, but had not re- 
ceived any serious consideration, and this was resurrected and introduced. 
It came into the house during the last hours of the session and was received 
with shouts of derision and mocking gibes. 

A young lawyer, Avho is now a leading member of the bar, rose to 
speak in support of the bill, and with an eloquence that surprised himself 
even more than his audience, he held their attention for nearly an hour. 
It was the supreme effort of his life, and practically founded the University 
of Arizona! 

Eloquence, however, is not far-reaching, and the university project 
languished for lack of sustenance and sympathy. All that Tucson obtained 
was the mocking title of "Athens of Arizona." Our citizens, with somi' 
noble exceptions, mourned for the lost capital, and would not be com- 
forted. So deep was the feeling against our legislators that two of them, 
not daring to return and face the popular indignation, emigrated to Cali- 
fornia. 

The exceptions alluded to Avere stronger than the general rule, and one 
of the bonds authorized to be issued for the erection of buildings Avas nego- 
tiated in the face of a public protest, and Avhen the succeeding legislatuic 
attempted to revoke the establishing act, the institution Avas saved again 
by the fiei-y eloquence of a young member. He pointed out the legal ol)- 
stacles to an act of revocation, and so worked upon tlie sentiments of the 
legislators that the university Avas permitted to exist. 



The Story of the Unnwrsity of Arizona. 103 

Ground was broken for the university building on October 13, 1887, but, 
owing to unforeseen delays and legal complications in the construction of 
laws, little progress was made until 1890, when work was resumed with 
vigor. In this j'ear the appropriation made by congress for the establish- 
ment of an agricultural experiment station in Arizona was made available. 
In 1889 an agricultural college had been nominally established, in order that 
the Territory might avail itself of the Morrill act. 

Its present income is derived from three principal sources, viz.: The 
Hatch or agricultural experiment fund; the Morrill or agricultural college 
fund, and territorial appropriations. The first two are United States funds, 
and at present contribute annually $15,000 and $22,000 respectively, while 
the territorial appropriations will average nearly $12,000, giving a gross in- 
come from these sources of $49,000. 

The university buildings are situated upon the high mesa one mile east 
from the business center of Tucson. They occupy a tract of forty acres, 
in a most healthful location, commanding a view of attractive mountain 
scenery upon all sides. The accompanying engravings give a better idea 
of their appearance than any description can, but no art can convey to the 
imagination any idea of the grandeur of the surrounding scenery or the 
balminess of the air. 

The buildings are substantial and well adapted to their uses, the ex- 
perience of older colleges having been liberally consulted in this particular 
to the advantage of the student. 

Ample accommodations are provided for non-resident students, board 
and room being furnished at a maximum rate of $15 a month. A capable 
matron is in charge of Ladies' Hall, and the male dormitory is governed by 
one of the professors. 

Military training is obligatory to the end of the sophomore year, and 
each member of the military organization is required to provide himself 
with the prescribed uniform within six weeks after his entrance. This 
uniform costs $12, and is neat and serviceable. 

There are five regular courses offered, and students who obtain full 
credit for the required work in either of these courses during four years will 
receive the degree of bachelor of science. The advanced degrees of M. S. 
and M. A. are conferred upon bachelors, graduates from this university or 
from institutions of equivalent grade, who successfully pursue a course 
of study marked out by the faculty, requiring not less than one year. The 
degrees of civil engineer, mining engineer and electrical engineer are open 
to graduates properly prepared, and who pursue special lines of post- 
graduate work. 

The five courses are outlined as follows: 

I. The General Course is a proper curriculum for the average student, 
and embodies what is most suitable for the broad general culture demanded 
by modern life. 

II. The Agriculture Course, in addition to portions of the General Course, 
covers special teaching by means of lectures and recitations, supplemented 
by field-work, laboratory practice and clinic. 

III. The Civil Engineering Course is designed for young men intending 
to become civil engineers and surveyors, and aims to prepare students for 
immediate usefiJlness. 

IV. The Mechanical and Electrical Engineering Course alms to fit young 
men in the most practical manner for the duties of these professions. 

V. The Mining and Metallurgical Course is designed to fit young men 
for the theory and practice of mining and metallurgy, and for the superin- 
tendence or management of mines, mills or metallurgical works. 



The Story of the Universitii of Arizoito. 105 

As the reader will see, the chief object of these courses is to prepare 
the student for active duty in the profession he has chosen, and the facili- 
ties for so doing, apart from the character of the instruction, will be under- 
stood from a perusal of the following notes on the equipment of the several 
departments of the institution: 

Agricultural Department— The equipment of this department has been 
greatly augmented during the past year. There are the best Azoux models 
of portions of the domestic animals; several cases of vegetable products; a 
large collection of seeds arranged in jars, and also a selection of garden 
tools, and instruments used in veterinary surgery. Recently there has been 
imported from Germany a collection of charts illustrating the anatomy and 
physiology of domestic animals and the structure of fruits and grains. 
Specimens of farm products are constantly received for examination. Two 
fine greenhouses are attached to this department for laboratory work, and 
field-work is given on the spacious grounds of the university. The agricul- 
tural section of the general library contains all the standard works and 
current publications upon agriculture in its various branches, and the sci- 
ences upon which it is based. 

The agricultural experiment station headquarters are connected with 
this department, and all the bulletins and reports of the experiment stations 
of the United States and foreign countries are on file. 

The Biological Department is piped for gas and water, and liberally pro- 
vided with apparatus for research and instruction. Students pursuing 
histological work are provided without expense simple and compound mi- 
croscopes, as the nature of their work demands. The laboratory is equipped 
with microtomes, culture baths, oven and other accessories used in modern 
methods of research. 

An herbarium, containing nearly 10,000 sheets of plants, mostly in- 
digenous to the Southwest, a large percentage being from Arizona, is an im- 
portant factor in the equipment. Some fifty cases of insects, inchiding one 
large cabinet, are of value in giving instruction in entomology and to illus- 
trate the economic insects of Arizona. The work in general and systematic 
zoology is greatly facilitated by the Herbert Brown collection of birds 
and other zoological material which has been brought together during the 
past five years. 

To aid in the study of human and comparative anatomy and physiology 
we are provided with articulate and disarticulate human skeletons, plaster 
and papier-mache models of the important organs, and microscopical 
preparations illustrating the structure of the various tissues. The equip 
ment also includes special apparatus for use of advanced students in this 
department. 

The Chemical Lahoratories are two in number. The smaller one, on the 
upper floor of the main building, is for the use of students and is equipped 
for teaching the theory and practice of chemical science. The room for 
laboratory work is well lighted, provided with gas, water, working desks, 
ventilating hoods, an abundance of apparatus and chemicals with which to 
carry on experimental work, and can be made to accommodate about 
twenty-four students. Adjoining the large room is a small store-room, 
stocked with apparatus for demonstrating the principles of chemistry, and 
containing well-selected collections of chemical substances. 

The experiment station laboratory occupies three large working rooms 
and two small store-rooms on the lower floor of the main building. This 
laboratory is devoted to analytical work and chemical investigations relat- 
ing to the agricultural interests of the territory. It is excellently equipped 
for the special lines of investigation in which it Is engaged, and although 
not primarily intended for the use of students, it has educational value to 
those who desire to witness the operations of a working laboratory. The 



106 Treasure Land. 

equipment includes chemical balances, chemical apparatus and supplies, 
machinery for preparing samples, and special appliances for the analysis 
of milk, agricultural products, tanning materials and soils. 

Civil and Hydraulic Engineering— In this department the fact has been 
recognized that the first actual engagement secured by the student will be 
either in the field with a surveying party or in the drafting office, and the 
equipment has, therefore, been chosen with a view to developing the high- 
est skill in these fundamental lines of work. 

In addition to the large number of technical books and periodicals in the 
general library, this department possesses a considerable number of valu- 
able reference works concerning its special lines of investigation. 

The Department of PJnjsics is equipped with very complete facilities for 
experimental demonstration of all important phenomena. The lecture room 
is fitted with shutters, so that it can be instantly darkened, and a beam of 
sunlight, directed by a very fine clock heliostat outside, may be thrown 
steadily across the lecture table for experiments in light, or used in con- 
nection with the solar lantern for a variety of other work. The lecture table 
is supplied with gas, water, electric currents from primary and storage 
batteries, and from the large dynamo. 

Adjacent to the lecture room is the apparatus room, where are kept the 
very best instruments and appliances for demonstrations. 

Both these rooms open into the large physical laboratory, where the 
students verify for themselves the laws set forth in text books and lectures. 

The machinery and technical sections are equipped with carpenters' 
benches, lathes and other pieces of machinei-y, operated by foot and steam 
power. 

The School of Minefi is well equipped for giving both theoretical and 
practical instruction in the arts of mining, metallurgy and assaying in all 
its branches. 

Attached to the main building is an annex, or mill, containing machinery 
and appliances for crushing, sampling, concentrating, amalgamating, leacli- 
iug, chlorinating, and the electrical treatment of various kinds of ore, in 
large or small lots. The student has access to this apparatus and is re- 
quired to familiarize himself with its manipulation. Power is furnished 
from a seventy-horse power boiler, detached from the main building, the 
steam being carried underground to the engine-room, which contains a 
thirty-five-horse power engine, and a sixteen-horse power Westiughouse 
automatic engine, the latter being used for running the dynamo. 

The mill building has a storage capacity for ore of .50 to 100 tons. 
A seven-inch by ten-inch Blake crusher is used for coarse crushing, and a 
Dodge crusher for finer Avork. Beneath the Blake crusher is a set of 
fourteen-inch by twenty-inch Cornish rolls, from which the ore passes by 
a conveyor to the main elevator, which carries it up thirty-five feet to the 
top of the mill. By means of slides and chutes the crushed ore may be 
sent at will to various machines to be tested by different methods. For 
concentration there are provided revolving sizing screens giving facilities 
for preparing six sizes, besides hydraulic separators for classifying slimes 
into three grades. A small apparatus, run by electric mo^or, is also pro- 
vided for dry concentration. A hve-stamp gold mill, with silvered plates 
and aprons of the latest and most approved construction, has recently been 
added to the mill, thus permitting the working of free-milling gold ores by 
the usual methods and on a large scale. Several lots of ore have been suc- 
cessfully worked and returns made in gold bullion, thus familiarizing the 
mining students with all the details of feeding, stamping, cleaning up, re- 
torting, smelting and assaying. 



T]ie Stonj of the University of Arizona. 107 

In addition to the five-stamp mill, a smaller prospecting mill of three 
stamps has been added so as to work small lots of ore of from 100 to 2,000 
pounds. 

A sampling mill permits of rapid crushing and mixing large samples, 
preparatory to assaying. 

Above the engine-room is the electrical laboratory, containing a seventy- 
five-light Mather incandescent dynamo, from which six circuits are dis- 
tributed to different parts of the university building. Of these, two circuits 
are for lighting purposes; one extends to the hoisting motor; another to the 
motor which runs the concentrating machinery; another circuit to the fan 
motors used for ventilating purposes, and the si.xth branch goes to the 
storage batteries which provide current for electrolytic work in the assay 
laboratory. 

The assay laboratory is one of the most complete in the West in its ap- 
pointments. This is equipped with assay furnaces for crucible work, for 
scorifying and cupelling, and for retorting mercury from amalgam. An ad- 
joining room, supplied with water, gas and electric current, has a roomy 
hood for work involving fumes, with tables and desks for student work, 
besides all needed appliances for assaying by dry and wet methods, in- 
cluding electrolysis. 

The laboratory also has desks and fittings for the chemical work re- 
quired in the metallurgical and mineralogical investigation and analysis of 
ores, mineral fertilizers and qualitative tests of minerals. 

A reagent and assay-supply store-room adjoins this room, and also a 
balance room, with balances of the highest grade and accuracy. 

The school is thus prepared to give instruction, and at the same time to 
work ores by the ton, and also to determine the nature and value of ob- 
scure and little known mineral substances, specimens of which are re- 
ceived by mail from all parts of Arizona and beyond it, and are examined 
gratuitously. 

The last legislature, with the view of making the school of mines still 
more useful to the mining interests, passed a law fixing the following ex- 
tremely low prices for assaying of ores taken from deposits and mines 
within the territory: 

For each assay producing gold and silver $ .50 

For each assay producing gold, silver and copper 1.00 

For each assay showing more than three metals 1.50 

This enactment, while it assists the miner, gives the student an oppor- 
tunity to acquire by repeated practice a confidence that he would not get 
from isolated experiments. All assays are made by or under the direction 
of a competent assayer, the student work being chiefly in the manner of 
check tests. 

Special students, having some general qualifications, are admitted to 
this department and acquire a fair amount of proficiency, but can not re- 
ceive a degree. 

Besides the studies referred to, instruction is also provided in music 
(vocal and instrumental), and in all the branches of a complete business edu- 
cation, including stenography, typewriting, penmanship and commercial 
studies. 

The Government of the University is vested in a board of six regents, four 
of whom are appointed by the governor, the renraining two being the gov- 
ernor himself and the superintendent of public instruction. But while the 
board is thus a political body, the appointees, who practically control the 
destiny of the institution, have generally been able and conscientious per- 
sons. The political kaleidoscope, however, works injuriously in causing 
changes oftener than the best interests of the institution demand. 



108 



TreuHure Land. 



The reader, having thus been informed of the general conditions of the 
university, will be prepared to learn that the chairs are filled by professors 
who would do honor to any similar institution. Liberal salaries are paid, 
and the very best talent sought for. The marvelous climate and the great 
field for original research have brought to us many able men, whom wo 
could not have secured otherwise. 

The student body contains representatives from several Eastern states, 
who find here conditions more favorable to study, and no better facilities 
can be had in the country for studies connected with mining than are 
offered here. A fully equipped plant is almost constantly in operation on 
commercial work, and real mines can be examined or worked by the stu- 
dent at any time. 

The rates of living are exceedingly light, the tuition is free, and the 
social environment is excellent. 

The University of Arizona is certain to attract the attention of parents 
of delicate children, who can not stand the rigors of the Eastern climates. 
Here it is not alone a superior education that is furnished, for the physical 
constitution of the student is enriched, and vigorous manhood crowns his 
commencement day. 

We regret that the requirements of space prevent us from further piu-- 
suing this interesting subject. Detailed information can be obtained by ad- 
dressing the President of the University of Arizona. 




Street Scenes, Ticson. 



Phe Crn^ or Age5 



UCSON 



The Oldest Settlement in the Unlied Sta les. 




Bird's-eye View of Tucson, 



A)ici(')i1 ill !/ctn-s. Imt her long life ""''// xjinit. 

She >>iiii/cN Hovni'fy (if the face of Time. 
Hphinx-like slic sat, while ages came mid iniif- 

The ojtjest citi/ mid the gentlest clime. 

But lol The wail of suffering from afar, 
Aroused her energies, and like the star. 
That heralded the Savior of the race, she rose 
JTo bring new hope into a world of icoes. 



110 Treasure Land. 

The struggle between Santa Fe and San Augustine on 
^iintji Fe *^^ question of priority of settlement has about worn 

^ them out, San Augustine pants upon her sandy shore, 

is Old. and the mosquitoes sing a lullaby, while poor old Santa 

Fe grins disconsolate from amid her ruins. Tucson has 
not, heretofore, claimed anything but climate and prosperity, but now she 
rises to explain that these two hoary-headed sinners have been wasting 
their declining years in trying to prove private property in what belongs to 
neither. 

Fifty-six years after Father Marcos de Niza explored Arizona, that is 
to say, in 1595, Juan de Onate entered New Mexico, and in 1605 a settle- 
ment was established near the site of Santa Fe. 

In 1680 a general revolt of the Indian tribes drove the colonists and mis- 
sionaries out of the country, and for twelve years it was absolutely aban- 
doned to the original inhabitants. 

In 1692, Diego de Vargas began the reconquest of the country, and 
finally made it possible to relocate Santa Fe somewhere near the original 
site. 

For the sake of argument, and seeing that it is no advantage to Santa 
Fe, we will concede the original date of settlement as 1605, and proceed to 
consider the claims of the Florida claimant. 

^ . In 1562, Admiral Coligni obtained from Charles IX., of 

"^ France, the privilege of planting a French Protestant col- 

St. AugfUStine ony in the New World, and finally succeeded in estab- 
j- niHpj- lishing one on the River St. Johns, in Florida. The col- 

li) u c . on.ists had just become comfortably settled when the 

Spaniards, who classified heretics with alligators, pounced upon them. 

On the 28th of August, 1595 (the same year the Spaniards entered New 
Mexico to Christianize the Indians), Pedro Melendez, with a company of 
2,400, descended upon the Huguenots and exterminated them, but left the 
alligators and mosquitoes. 

Phillip II. Avas then proclaimed monarch of North America, or what- 
ever it might be thereafter called, and the necessary foundation being pre- 
pared, San Agustin (as it was then spelled) was founded with due pomp 
and ceremony. 

Conceding Santa Fe's claim of 1605, and also paying due 
And Tucson veneration to the antiquity of San Augustine, we claim 

priority for Tucson on the follOAving grounds: 
is the Oldest. According to authentic records, Marcos de Niza and 

the negro, Estevanico, explored Arizona in 1539, passing 
through the Santa Cruz valley and the Gila settlements. He made such u 
wonderful report on the country, which he swore to, that the question of 
establishing a settlement in that section was seriously considered, and in 
1552 the matter was reported favorably and the settlement ordered estab- 
lished. 

The proof of this is contained in a stained and time-worn documcnl 
written on vellum, signed by his Catholic majesty, Charles the First ol' 
Spain and Fifth of Germany, the successor of Ferdinand and Isabella, the 
l)atrons of Columbus, and countersigned by the viceroy of Mexico. 

It was discovered recently among the relics of the ancient mission of 
San Xavier, nine miles south of Tucson, and was forwarded for safe-keep- 
ing to the librarian at Washington, in whose custody it now is, or ought lo 
be. The date on the vellum is 1552, and, allowing three years for good 
measure, we can place the date of Tucson's settlement at 1555, at which 
time San Augustine was merely a strip of coast line, and Santa Fe a 
prairie dog village. Attached to the vellum is an interesting account of tlie 
founding of Tucson, written in Ihe fair, round liand of Marcos do Niza. 



The City of Ages: Tucson. Ill 

The town was never afterwards abaudoned. It moved along the river, 
following the most fertile land as it was discovered, and finally located 
where it noAv is. 

For years at a time it was cut off from all official connection with Mex- 
ico and lost sight of. The church neglected it and the government ignored 
it, but the Indians were friendly, and Uie European settlers, cut off from 
home and friends, dwelt among them and became almost as they were. 

When the missionaries, more than a century later, entered the country 
again, they found many of their own race to welcome and aid them, and 
this accounts for the easy manner in which the people were converted. It 
took only three years (1690-3) to establish a chain of prosperous missions 
along the Santa Crug valle3% and Father Kino was never able to induce 
more than a few priests to come to his assistance! 

The city of Tucson will always be an interesting spot 
The City of *^ ^^^ student of antiquities, but he must come here 

soon to get the best results, for the antiquities are fast 
Agfes. disappearing before the march of progress and the ruth- 

less hand of the curiosity seeker. 

The adobe walls that formed the battlements of the old Mexican pueblo 
have crumbled away, the mission ruins are disintegrating, the ancient cit- 
ies are being plowed up, the Indians are learning English and wearing 
store clothes, and some vandals have even gone so far as to chip off the 
faces of the painted rocks. 

While it is the city of ages, it has been embued with the gift of perpet- 
ual vigor and robust youth. It grows brighter, better and bigger every 
year, and the stimulus of its increasing prosperity courses through every 
artery of its social and commercial life. 

In the dawn of its existence, when Indian chants wooed the gentle 
zephyrs and the daily siesta was unbroken in the sunny silence, it watched 
the passing of the uneventful years with listless gaze. Its dusky inhab- 
itants reveled in the luxury of idleness, and drew dreamy intoxication from 
the balmy ozone of the skies. 

We were not here at the time, but we have often felt the gentle influ- 
ence upon us, and can verify the above if required to do so. 

Later on, hostile assaults from northern savage hordes bestirred to 
action the encompassed denizens, and ceaseless warfare changed their 
sweet repose to years of deadly strife. 

Then came the holy fathers from the South, and mail-clad warriors and 
thundering guns, mud-walled forts and all the bustling energy of Chris- 
tianity, to be again succeeded by a still more aggressive race, the one that 
rules to-day. 

Its perpetuity is one of the curiosities of this land of ancient marvels. 
Race after race has dwelt here and vanished, leaving hardly a I'ocord of its 
history beyond the mouldering ruins found on hill and plain; but the same 
mild air and sunlit sky that made this a happy home for them is ours 
to-day! 

While Gens. Scott and Taylor were invading iMpxico and 
Tucson in writing in letters of blood the preamble 1o the treaty of 

Guadalupe Hidalgo, wliich added an empire to our na- 
1847. tional domain, Tucson was a small square of adobes, 

often assailed by savage Apaches, and never free from 
peril. There were then about twenty-five Mexican families living within 
a walled square of small extent, which constituted the town proper, and a 
small detachment of Mexican frontier guards. There were two entrances 
by immense doors made of heavy timber put solidly together, and these 
were invariably closed at night. The rear of the houses ad.ioining the 
walls Avere built four or live feet higher than the front, wliich faced in- 



112 



Trea stive Land. 



ward, thus making an effective breastwork of about twelve feet in height. 
rt was commanded by three bastions, set at the corners where attack was 
most feared, and so constructed as to infilade the walls, as well as to in- 
timidate the approaching enemy. Artillery was suggested by two small 
cannon, more dangerous, however, to the garrison than to the enemy. 

From some of the old settlers we learn that the enclosure occupied 
the space bounded as follows: Beginning at Washington street, thence south 
to Pennington; up Pennington to about the middle of the court house; 
thence north to Washington street, along Washington street to place of be- 
ginning. One of the entrances stood where Alameda street enters Main, 
and some of the old wall has been used in the construction of modern 
buildings. 

Besides the town square there was another smaller enclosure occupying 
the block east of the Occidental hotel, where trade was carried on with the 
Indians and the cattle herded at night. 




1 liRliau Industrial School. 

2 Pima County Court House. 
3. Tucson High Scliool. 



Judge Chas. M. Meyer and .Timmy Douglas, who prided 
The First himself on carrying six bullets in his revolver and oni- 

in his leg, a relic of Gettysburg, were responsible for tho 
Chain Gangf. flist chain-gang in the territory. 

Twenty years ago no place Avas worse governed than 
Tucson, and Judge Meyer and Jimmy Avere appointed a committee of two 
to effect a change. The first thing they did was to establish a chain-gang, 
and enlist in its ranks every offender that Avas caught. Jimmy did most 
of the catching, and the judge "sent them up." The shyster hiAvyers who 
had been running the machinery of justice to suit themselves, tried to over- 
throw the chain-gang Avith the constitution of the United States, but their 
efforts availed nothing, as the judge did not propose to fool Avith the consti- 
tution until he had thoroughly tested the chain-gang. His process was as 
summary as the result was gratifying, and in a short time all the wild, 
rough characters Avho had ruled the town were employing their energies 
iu rubbing down its streets. 

Judge Meyer h"s been justice of the peace or recorder ever since, and 
is confirmed in his habit of making the punishment fit the crime. 



The City of Ages: Tru-son. 11^5 

Many of our old settlers were army men who dropped 
OnlV a SuddIv ^"* ^^ ^^^ service when the war was over, convinced that 

^ , i^y J promotion in civil life would come swifter and higher. 
Post in 1871. Among these Avas the Hon. Chas. R. Drake, who reached 
here twenty-five years ago, when Tucson Avas a small 
frontier supply post. Two companies of the Twenty-first infantry, com- 
manded by Col. Dunn, Avere quartered in tents on IMilitary plaza. The set- 
tlement was then confined to that part of the city lying along Main street, 
between Congress and Ott, and east to Meyer street. The firms then doing 
business Avere A. & L. Zeckendorf, E. N. Fish & Co., Goldberg & Drach- 
man, Lord & Williams, Tully, Ocha & Co., and Chas. Lesinsky & Co., and 
of these but one survives, the firm of L. Zeckendorf & Co. Old Congress 
Hall stood where it stands to-day, under the management of C. O. Brown. 
There were none of the modern facilities or conveniences. If one Avanted 
to visit the outer world he had to take a stage journey of 500 miles to San 
Diego, thence by steamer to San Francisco, or a 900 mile stage trip to 
Trinidad, Colo., the nearest railroad point on the east, AA'ith all the chances 
in the world of meeting Indians. Eastern products wore hauled from Trini- 
dad by ox and mule teams, and supplies from the West came from San 
Francisco by way of the Colorado riA'er to Yuma, and thence by teams to 
Tucson. Groceries were extremely high in price; comaion table salt cost 
twenty cents a pound; potatoes and onions, twenty-five cents; bacon and 
ham, fifty cents; coffee, seventy-five cents, and other staples in proportion. 

The population was about 1,500, principally Mexicans, and there were 
only two American ladies outside of those belonging to the military post. 

Our entire dependence AA^as on the army until the discovery of the Tomb- 
stone mines and the arrival of the railroad brought us an increase of popu- 
lation and incited us to turn our attention to some of our natural resources. 

Hard times followed the heavy decline in silver, but we lived in hopes 
of an improvement, which eventually came. Up to 1888 it Avas almost im- 
possible to borroAA^ money on real estate, and hence few people invested in 
homes. The establishment of a building and loan association worked a 
marvelous change. Snug homes arose as if by magic, and people learned 
that they could live as comfortably here as elsewhere. The railroad and 
mines afforded us a permanent income, and our prosperity began to un- 
fold and gather in a himdred hitherto unperceived resources, until to-day it 
is positiv-ely assured. 

We need many public improvements in order to keep up Avith the 
changed conditions. Our water works are inadequate for the needs of the 
new Tucson, and a system of sewerage is desirable. 

Mr. Drake has an elegant home, facing on Military plaza and embow- 
ered in verdure, and feels contented to pass the rest of his days here and 
see his child'.jn carry forward the good Avork he has begun. 

_ The arriA'al of the Southern Pacific railroad put us in 

^"^ touch Avith the outside world, and did more for the up- 

Black Horse building of Arizona than any event in its history. 

P , The first through train reached Yuma, December 15. 

Lavairy. 1878, and the work of construction was continued to Casa 

Grande, at Avhich point it rested for a year, and Avas not completed to 
Tucson until March 20, 1880. 

The driving of the silver spike was a gala day. Bob Leatherwood was 
mayor, and Dr. .7. C. Handy, Chas. T. Etchells, M. G. Samaniego and my- 
self, councilmen. I wrote over to Dick Gird, of The Tombstone Mining and 
Milling Company, for a silver spike, which he made from the first product 
of the Toughnut mine; and the late William S. Oury presented it, with a 
speech of welcome, to the railroad officials and their staff. The presenta- 
tion was followed by a grand banquet, at which 300 covers were laid. 
Tom Fitch^the silver-tongued orator, paid a merited tribute to the energy 



Ill 



TirasKve Land. 



and ontpiprisp of Huntington, Crocker and Stanford, in a speech filled with 
flowery rhetoric, and eulogized the Southern Pacific railroad as the "Black 
Horse Cavalry of the Plains, the great civilizers of the Avorld!" 

The mere statement of the revenue of a city is no in- 
A Good dication of its condition or the character of its govern- 

ment, but the application of its income is all-important. 
Snowing'. and applying this test to Tucson we can make a show- 

ing that challenges comparison. It is hardly fair to 
assume that this was due to the personale of the city council, for in a 
small commimity, such as this, where everyone knows his neighbor, the 
public officers come very near representing the people. 

The total assessed value of city property in 1896 was $1,400,000, upon 
which there was levied a tax of 1 per cent., or $14,000, to which we add 
the product of licenses, $8,000, making a total of $22,000. Of this amount 
there was expended by the city for street improvement about $10,000 
(the balance being used to meet running expenses), besides which the 
property owners themselves expended at least $20,000 for the same pur- 
pose. This has been done without running into debt, the only outstanding 
city obligation being its bonded indebtedness of $28,000. 

If this is not an indication of good management and progressive spirit 
we ask to be introduced to something that is. 




Tucson Residences : 



1. 


T)r 


. \\ 


. H. Feuncr. 


2. 


R. 


T. 


Millar. 


3. 


T. 


D. 


Satterwhitc. 


4. 


W 


W 


. Williams. 



Tlie City of Ages: Tucson. 



115 



Law and The great West has always been the refuge for those 

CirApr daring spirits who found the restraints of polished civ- 

^'^"^^ ilization irksome to thought and action. Some of them 

in Tucson. were corrupted by evil associations and the weakness of 

generous impulses, but those of firmer character became 

the leaders of public life or the guardians of law and order, and the 

employment of such men in the constabulary force of the territory has 

made it one of the most law-abiding sections of the country. Our crime 

record compares favorably with that of any state or territory, and shows 

conclusively that we are a self-sdverning people. 

To the casual visitor, as well as to the student of social statistics, the 
following report of crimes committed in Tucson at three widely separated 
periods will be interesting. 

It has been specially compiled for us by the efficient chief of police, 
Mr. Sam Finley, who has established for himself an enviable reputation 
as one of the bravest and most gentlemanly guardians of the peace in 
the Southwest. 

As samples of intervening years he shows the total number of arrests 
made by the Tucson police force during the years 1885, 1890 and 1896, 
and it will be seen that, taking into consideration the increase in popula- 
tion, that there has been a very material decrease. It must also be 
borne in mind that a large proportion of material was furnished by vag- 
rants M'ho resort here in the winter and for these we can not be held 
responsible. Mv. Finley has been a resident of Tucson for fourteen years, 
and feels justified in stating that there is no quieter or more orderly 
town in the West. 

In 1885 there were twelve policemen and a marshal required to re- 
strain the lawless element, while to-day there is but slight occupation for 
ihree policemen and himself. This in itself shows the great change that 
has taken place in ten years. The niimber of arrests made for carrying 
concealed weapons is comparatively small, and many of the offenders 
were merely technical violators of the law and not dangerous people at all. 

It will, no doubt, surprise many, who have formed their opinions of 
us from reading the caricature stories of the Arizona Kicker, that murder 
nn arson are almost unknown here. 



STATEMENT OF ARRESTS IN TUCSON. 



Offences. 



Drunk, and drunk and disorderly 

Misdemeanors 

Breach of peace 

Assault and battery 

Concealed weapons 

Petty larceny 

Robbery 

Vagrancj' 

Insane 

Grand larceny 

Rape 

Burglary 

A ssault to murder 

False pretences 

Felony 

- ~- i t r=r 



1885. 



Res. 



218 
40 
19 
20 

5 
39 

9 
13 

2 
12 

1 

7 
1 
1 



Xou- 
Ees. 



37 
1 

2 

i 

1 

4 

134 

1 








1890. 



Res. 



214 

31 

22 

30 

9 

30 



9 









4 







Xon- 
Res. 



23 
2 

1 
3 
1 

104 

1 








1896. 



Res. 



237 

57 

21 

(» 

9 





13 

















Non- 
Res. 



54 
6 
6 

4 
1 

273 




1 
1 




116 



Treasure Lionl. 



The Whipping 

Post 

in Tucson. 



When the Mexican troops left Tucson after the transfci' 
of the country, Juan Elias was alcalde, and continued 
to administer justice in the Mexican fashion, which was 
not satisfactory to the Americans, and these appointed 
Maj. Mark Aldridge, partner of Sol. Warner in the 
merchandise business, as justice of the peace. There was no jail in which 
to confine offenders and no provision for the expenses of the justice, so 
the whipping post was adopted. The sentences imposed a penalty of 
from thirty to sixty lashes on the bare back and the post was set up 
at the corner of Ott street. The offender received about half the penalty 
on the day of sentence, and after being enjoined to return next day for 
the balance was turned loose. Only one man ever reported. 

In order to meet the expenses of the office, offenders who had the 
means were permitted to pay a fine, and this form of justice was main- 
tained for about three years. The results were entirely satisfactory. 




City Officers: 



1. Sam. Fiuley, jNIaisluil. 

2. L D. ("hillsoii, SIngineer. 

3. ('. T. Connell, Recorder. 



Building and About 200 buildings have been erected and improved 
^ .... by additions during the last year, and at present there 

Building 2iXQ eighteen in actual course of construction, not in- 

Material, eluding those for which contracts are made but actual 

building not begun, and in this class are the A. O. U.W. 
building, to cost $30,000; the Masonic temple and opera house, $25,000; 
the addition to the university, $10,000, and several business blocks. 

All our mechanics have had constant employment at good wages, 
ranging from $2.50 to $5 per diem. 

We are indebted to Mr. .T. Knox Corbett, the lumber merchant, for 
the following prices of building material now ruling here: 

Lumber— Oregon pine, $27.50 per 1,000 feet; California pine, $25; sur- 
face redwood, $40, and rough redAvood, $32.50. 

Bricks of good quality, $8 per 1,000 laid in the wall. 

Lime. $9 per ton; Portland cement, $9 per barrel of 400 pounds. 

Mr. Corbett has been a resident of Tucson for many years and lins 
never before noted such activity in all lines of business, and a stranger 
might infer that we were enjoying a bnnm. There is none, however, for no 
foi'eign capital is being used; whatever is spent comes from our oavu 
people, who have sufficient confidence in the future to invest their savings 
where they were made. This he regards as the surest evidence of per- 
manent prosperity. 



Th.e City of Ages: Tucson. 117 

One of the most important considerations in tlie choice 
of a new home is the cost of living, and upon this sub- 
COSt of Livingf. .iect we present the following, which with slight varia- 
tions may be relied upon for all seasons of the year 
as the ruling retail prices for staple necessaries: 

Bacon— Gold Band, highest grade, 1214 to 14 cents per pound; medium 
grade, 10 to 12 cents per pound. 

Beans— Pink and white, 3 to 4 cents per pound. 

Canned Goods— Best quality table fruits, 2i/i-pound cans, $1.70 per 
dozen; pie fruits, 2i/4-pound cans, $1.30 per dozen; tomatoes, 2i^-pouiid 
cans, $1.10 per dozen; jams and jellies, 2-pound cans, $1.50 per dozen: 
salmon, 1-pound cans, $1.35 per dozen; oysters, 1-pound cans, $1.25 pei' 
dozen; corn, 1-pound cans, $1.10 per dozen; Eagle milk, $2.20 per dozen. 

Butter— Best fresh, Arizona and imported, 35 cents per roll. 

Coffee— Highest grade, green, 35 cents per pound; medium, green, 20 
to 25 cents per pound; roasted, best Mocha and Java, 40 cents per pound. 

Cheese— Best imported cream, 15 to 18 cents per pound. 

Eggs— Ranch, 20 to 35 cents a dozen. 

Flour— Eastern extra, per sacks of 50 pounds, $1.75 to $1.90 per sack; 
California, per sacks of 50 pounds, $1.50 to $1.75 per sack; local, per sacks 
of 50 pounds, $1.40 to $1.50. 

Fruits— Raisins, Loudon layer, 10 to 15 cents per pound; currants, 
imported, 10 to 12Y2 cents per pound; apples, evaporated, 10 to 12% cents 
per pound; Peaches, evaporated, 10 to 121/2 cents per pound; apricots, 
121^ to 15 cents per pound. Fresh in season at reasonable rates. 

Fish— Fresh from Guaymas and Los Angeles, 121/0 to 15 cents per 
pound. 

Ham— Gold Baud, highest grade, 13 to 15 cents per pound; medium, 
10 to 12 cents per pound. 

Lard— Pure, in tins, 8 to 10 cents per pound. 

Meats— Beef, alfalfa-fed, prime cuts, 10 cents per pound; porterhouse 
steaks, 15 cents per pound; sirloin steaks, 12i^ cents per pound; ordinary, 
6 to 10 cents per pound; corned, 8 cents per pound. Mutton, prime cuts, 
121^ cents per pound; ordinary, 10 cents per pound. Yeal, 10 to 12i/. 
cents per pound. Pork, ]2i/^ cents per pound; sausages, 12i/> cents per 
pound. Game in season: Bear-meat, I214 cents per pound; venison, 12i/. 
cents per pound. 

Poultry— Chickens, $4 to $7 per dozen; tuikeys, 14 to 20 cents per 
pound. 

Rice, 8 cents per pound. 

Sugar— Cube, 13 pounds for $1; granulated, 14 pounds for $1; Golden 
C, 15 pounds for $1. 

Salt— Table. 10-pound sacks, 12i/o to 15 cents. 

Soap— Ten-ounce borax, 5 cents a bar. 

Tea, from 20 to 85 cents per pound. 

Vegetables, fresh from local gardens, nominal. A large family can 
be supplied with vrgotal)les in season at an average cost of fifteen cents 
per diem. 

Potatoes, $1.35 to $2 per 100 pounds; onions, $2 to $3 per 100 pounds. 

Dry goods and clothing can be purchased at a slight advance on East- 
orn prices. 

Rents are reasonable, houses bringing at the rate of $5 per month 
per room or less, and furnished rooms $8 per month and upwards. Hotel 
rates vary according to service and accommodations from $1.50 to $4 
per diem. 

Restaurant living costs from $4 to $7 per week. 



118 



Treosare Land. 



Fire 
Department. 



Tucson's first serious fire took place in 1880, and led 
to the temporary organization of a fire department. 
Tliis organization was recognized by the city in 1883. 
and formally established as the fire department of 
Tucson. A building and fire bell tower were erected at 
a cost of about $4,000, and an equipment supplied. This equipment now 
comprises a large chemical engine, hook and ladder and two hose carts 
with 1,000 feet of first-class hose. The water supply being poor and 
under very small pressure, the equipment was never eflicient until the 
chemical engine was purchased by the city. The department has a mem- 
bership of forty-five volunteers, who readily respond to every call, and 
the officers are: Chief, J. D. Boleyn; assistant, Prank Saladin; Wm. Reid, 
foreman and treasurer; secretary, Al. Ezekiels; steward. Rich. Brophy. 




Teaming: and 
Staging:. 



The yearly volume of inland freighting from Tucson by 
teams is estimated to exceed 2,000 tons of general 
merchandise, which, added to the amount shipped by 
railroad, incalculably greater, and that consumed locally, 
indicates the condition of business here. Stage lines run 
from here, making daily, weekly or semi-weekly trips to all important set- 
tlements, such as Nogales, Arivaca, Oro Blanco, Oracle, Quijotoa and Great 
erville. 

Lately a stage line has been established to meet the requirements of 
the mining companies operating in the mining districts south of the line, 
so that our facilities for conimunicatiou are almost complete. 

It is more than possible that, now that the Southern Pacific company 
has acquired the ownership of the Sonora railway, that a line of road will 
be run from Tucson to Calabasas, thus facilitating mining and agricultural 
operations in the Santa Cruz valley and adjoining country. 



Learning: 
Spanish. 



One of the attractions of Tucson is the facilities for ac- 
quiring the Spanish language. It is spoken more or less 
by seven-eighths of our population, and this makes its 
acquisition seem easy. 

While the language is several degrees easier than 
Chinese, it is difficult enough to give trouble, and you realize this when 
you have tri"d to master it in six lessons. 

There is one sensible thing about it-the alphabet means something. 
Vou can nut take a handful of letters and call them a word, as we do in 



The City of Ayes: Tucson. 110 

English. Utility is not sacrificefl to architectural beauty, as in Chinese, and 
if you wish to spell a ^^orcl, you euunciate its compoueut sounds, if you 
happen to remember them, and get the letters. Desiring the word, you 
gently call the letters by their baptismal names, and you have it. In our 
own anti-phonetic language, the spelling is for protective purposes, but in 
Spanish we spell for revenue only! 

The writer has been introduced to several patented methods of learning 
Spanish in a week or tAvo, but never cultivated their acquaintance. Next 
to acquiring it before any other language, the best way is to live in Tucson 
for a year, employ a good teacher, and then work on it as if you had to do 
it for a living. 

Those who are familiar with the difficulties and dau- 
Our Public »^^^ ^^'^^ surrounded the pioneers of Arizona can ap- 

preciate the constancy, perseverance and unselfishness 
Schools. of those who isolated themselves from civilizing in- 

fluences and faced the dreaded Apache to establish here 
a system of public education that would rear a commonwealth of intelli- 
gent and responsible men and women. Where once stood crude adobe 
school houses, magnificent buildings now stand as monuments to the work 
of the early pioneers. Where once gathered a lonely few in constant 
dread of murderous Indians, may now be heard the joyous shouts of 
thousands of Arizona boys and girls as they enjoy their games on the 
school grounds, adorned with trees and flowers, and those who have lived 
to witness this grand tiansformation can well be proud of their noble 
work for Arizona. 

Gov. P. K. Safford is justly deserving of the title of "Father of the 
Public Schools of Arizona," for although he was not in the territory when 
the first efforts were made to establish common schools, it was due to 
his personal efforts that the excellent system now existing was firmly 
planted. 

The first public school of Tucson, and probably of Arizona was taught 
in the spring of 1869 by Mr. Augustus Brichta. The school was opened in 
an adobe building with dirt floor and roof, in the rear of the store now 
owned and occupied by L. Zeckendorf & Co. He enrolled fifty-flve pupils, 
all boys. The trustees were Hon. John B. Allen, W. S. Oury and W. W. 
Williams. 

The next session was opened in 1871, by Prof. John A. Spring, in a 
building on the northwest corner of Meyer and McCormick streets. He 
taught fifteen months and enrolled 138 boys, 95 per cent, of whom were 
Spanish-speaking. Messrs. W. F. Scott, Samuel Hughes and W. C. Davis 
were the school trustees at that time. 

In 1871 the Sisters of St. Joseph established an academy for girls, 
furnishing free tuition to indigent pupils. 

In the summer of 1872, Mrs. L. C. Hughes opened a school for girls 
in a house in Levin's park. 

The following year, Miss Harriet Bolton, later Mrs. John Wasson, and 
Miss Maria Wakefield, now Mrs. E. N. Fish, took charge of the public 
schools of Tucson. The schools were kept in a building adjacent to the 
site of the present city hall. 

The Congress Street school was completed in 1874, the trustees being 
Hons. R. N. Leatherwood, Samuel Hughes and Estevan Ochoa. The 
citizens of Tucson contributed liberally to the funds necessary to com- 
plete said building, and at one of the many socials given to raise money, 
a cake was sold and re-sold, until the proceeds aggregated more than 
$200. Hon. R. N. Leatherwood was the last purchaser, and after paying 
the price, distributed the cake among the school children. The lumber 
used in the porch was donated by the officei-s of Fort Grant, and was 
hauled, free of charge, by Tully & Ochoa. 



120 Treasure Land. 

Prof. W. B. Hoi'ton, a native of Scotland, and a graduate of a college 
of Edinburg, was elected principal of the Tucson scliools in the fall of 
1874. His assistants were Ygnacio Bonillas (now a prominent civil and 
mining engineer), who took charge of the boys' department, and Miss 
Packard, who conducted the female department. 

Miss Packard was succeeded by Miss Nesmith; Miss Nesmith by 
Mrs. M. B. Aguirre, and Miss Nora Smith and Miss Sallie Wood succeeded 
Mrs. Aguirre. 

In 1881 Prof. Geo. C. Hall and his wife took charge of the schools. 
Prof. M. M. Sherman and Miss Nora Smith were his assistants. The 
number of pupils enrolled in 1881 was 281. The number enrolled in 
1882 was 353. 

In 1883 the territorial legislature authorized the school trustees to issue 
bonds to the amount of $40,000, payable semi-annually, in ten j-ears, to 
^rect a high school building in Tucson. Bonds were readily sold, but 
it is estimated that before the building Avas completed in 1884 it had cost 
not less than $56,000. 

Under the management of Prof. Hall, some important improvements 
were made in the Tucson schools. A course of instruction was prepared; 
the work of grading was begun; the schools were changed from having 
separate male and female departments to a mixed and graded school 
system. 

There has been a considerable growth in our schools since 1885. In 
that year 1,330 pupils were enumerated, 668 enrolled and 278 in regular 
attendance; now there are 1,853 enumerated, 790 enrolled and 454 iu 
regular attendance. 

The yearly term of school varies from nine to ten mouths, and at 
present twelve graded teachers and a supervising principal are employed. 

During the past year the schools have been carefully graded and 
adjusted to a course of study in keeping with modern requirements. 
Every effort is put forth to make the work of the schools practical and 
thorough, and Eastern people who locate here will find our schools equal 
or superior to those of their old homes. 

The course of study of the Tucson public schools as now arranged 
covers three years of primary and five years of grammar school work, 
a total of eight years. The completion of this course prepares students 
for admission to the territorial normal school and to the middle year of 
the preparatory department of the territorial university. Those complet- 
ing the course by public graduation are awarded a suitable certificate. 

Tucson pays her grade teachers good salaries, and with a nine-months' 
term is able to command the best talent. 

We believe more normal-trained teachers will be found among the 
corps of teachers of the Tucson public school than can be found in any 
other school in the territory. The normal schools of California, Rhode 
Island, Indiana and Pennsylvania are now represented iu our teaching 
force. 

At least three-fourths of all pupils iu attendance can speak Spanish. 
With such an opportunity no bright pupil need complete the public school 
without having acquired a ■\^'orkiug knowledge of this beautiful and use- 
ful language. 

The local supervision of our schools is vested in a board of three 
trustees, elected for three years, one member retiring each year. The 
present school officials are: J. Knox Corbett. president of board of trus- 
tees; Dr. W. V. Whitmore, clerk, and C. F. Richardson, member. 

Taxpayers and parents or guardians of children of school age are qual- 
ified voters at school elections, without regard to sex or citizenship. 



The Citji of Ayes: Tnoson. 



121 



An Easter ^^^ of our Eastern visitors finds something to admire 

Tw«^-j^«. J- ill one of our antique courtyards, and thus expresses 

Morning: in himself: 

Tucson. "Most of the old residences in Tucson have a bright 

garden patch behind the dull brown . walls, and from 
uiy window, on this glad Easter morn, I look upon as pretty a scene 
as ever gladdened mortal eye. 

"The balmy air is laden with the fragrance of flowers, while the 
linnets and cardinals trill so blithely that I can imagine myself in an 
aviary filled with canaries. Whoever made the statement that there are 
no songsters among our native birds had never visited Arizona. 

"Above me is a soft, blue sky that shimmers in the rosy sunlight 
which flashes over the dark pine-clad ridges of the Santa Catalinas, and 
reaches me through the opalescent green of a fringe of alamos. 

"Along one side of the courtyard is a hedge of rose blooms and pearly 
elder flowers; at the back rises a mud wall, barely seen through a row 
of pomegranate bushes, whose dark green foliage is stained with bright 
red blooms. On the right roses, pink and white, and oleanders, bloom; 
mignonette, sweet peas, pansies and other flowers mingle their colors 
and their perfumes blend. 

"In the center rises a graceful ash and a drooping pepper tree, over- 
shadowing lilac, fig and almond, while above the trellised walk the 
bright vine leaves quiver." 




Tdcson Residences: 1. 



Dr. F. A. Odermatt. 
Dr. Geo. W. Whomes. 
Chas. R. Drake. 
Dodge Block. 



122 Treasure Land. 

The Indian This school for the training of Indian children Avas es- 

tablished by the Presbyterian Board of Home Missions, 
Industrial ^nd opened January 3, 1888, under the superintendency 

School. of Rev. Howard Billman. 

The school was designed to provide educational fa- 
cilities for the Pima and I'apago Indians. Though now separate tribes, 
they were oiiginally one; their language is essentially the same and they 
intermingle in the most friendly way. They have ever been the in- 
valuable ally of the American population against the fierce Apaches; arc 
reasonably industrious and almost entirely self-supporting. 

The present school force consists of the following: Mr. F. S. Hern- 
don, superintendent; Mrs. F. S. Herndon, Misses Laura W. Piersou, Minnie 
Atwater, Lillian North, Alice Brandt, Bessie Menaul, Elizabeth Rowland 
and Mrs. Nellie Thompson; Mr. J. W. Martin, carpenter, and T. L. Vest, 
fi rgiculturist. 

The number of pupils last year was 125, comprising forty-seven girls 
and seventy-eight boys, the institution being limited to this number owing 
to the financial condition of the board, but 150 can be accommodated, 
and 200 were crowded in three years ago. 

The school farm is one mile west from the school, on the left bank of 
the Santa Cruz river, and contains forty-two acres of land, all under 
cultivation. 

This institution is doing a world of good and deserves encouragement. 
The pupils are educated in practical matters. Q'he girls attain great pi'o- 
ficiency in household duties and are diligent and faithful servants, while 
the boys make excellent farm hands and laborers. 

Whatever may be our religious faith, we must respect 

^t Tn<ienh's those noble women who, casting aside the pleasures and 

ol. J05»cpn opportunities of the outer world, devote their lives 

Academy. to the moral and intellectual advancement of youth, and 

when their efforts result in affording the young the 
best educational advantages at a minimum cost, they rank among our 
great public benefactors. In this category we classify the Sisters of 
St. Joseph, who in 1870 founded in Tucson an academy for young ladies, 
and though the institution is under the auspices of the Catholic church, 
it numbers among its students members of other denominations from all 
parts of the country. The first convent was near the old cathedral, but 
the present establishment is a handsome structure facing military plaza, 
which will cost, with the alterations now being made, about $40,000. 

The social condition of a community is best shown by 
The Public ^^^ works; the attention devoted to institutions designed 

to promote its moral and intellectual welfare, and by 
Library. this rule Tucson not only ranks first in the territory, 

but excels many of the towns of equal size within a 
hundred miles of Boston. 

The Tucson public library was created by ordinance dated the 5th 
day of June. 1883. but the legislative decree carried no appropriation, and 
the matter slept till the summer of 1886, when the Tucson Library Asso- 
ciation (a private organization) conveyed to the city of Tucson, for the 
benefit of her citizens, all its property, provided the city furnished ac- 
commodations. The city council set apart the upper story of the city 
hall for the exclusive use of the public library, and in July the institution 
opened with a catalogue of 759 volumes, the trustees being Messrs. J. S. 
Mausfeld, C. D. Poston, C. B. Sessions, Harry Paterman and F. W. Grey, 
and Mesda-iies Anderson, W. E. D. Scott, Hell Hale and S. M. Manlove. 

We will not chronicle each step of the upbuilding of this institution, 
but point with pride to its present condition. We now have over 3,000 



The City of Ayes: Ihicscm. 123 

volumes of the best literature, accessible to all who desire to use them. 
The library has commodious quarters in the upper story of the city hall, 
lighted by electricity, with a librarian in attendance six hours of the 
day in winter and a shorter session in summer. It is the only public 
library of any size in the territory and we point to it with just pride 
as an evidence of our social qualifications. It is not purely ornamental, 
either, as the visitor will find upon examination of the records, the books 
ore read, nearly all of our young people being constant borrowers. 

The present board of trustees consists of Messrs. H. D. Underwood. 
Rochester Ford, H. W. Fenner, and Mesdames W. C. Davis, F. A. Warren, 
B. M. Jacobs and Albert Steinfeld, the librarian being Mrs. Batte, whose 
intelligence and affability do much to sustain the popularity of the in- 
stitution. She is a great reader herself, and knows that somewhere among 
the volumes there exists a balm for every ill; books to stimulate and 
books to soothe; books for instruction and books for ennui, and she can 
prescribe like a physician for those who want direction. 

Our lady readers will be interested in learning some- 
TucSOn'S thing of our "society." Of course we have our "400," 

but the dividing line is not firmly drawn, as people's 
400. antecedents are generally well known, and undue pre- 

tension works its own downfall. We have had no genu- 
ine scandal for years, and this has compelled the few old gossips (male 
and female) who have foisted themselves upon « uS, to draw upon their 
imagination for material. They are quite harmless, however, as no one be- 
lieves them, and the very people they assail are generally the purest and 
the best. Otherwise the people of Tucson are the most liberal and delightful 
entertainers in the country. 

As the conditions referred to make pretension absurd and scandal ridic- 
ulous, everything is done in a free and generous manner, peculiarly West- 
ern, and yet with consummate elegance and good taste. There is so much 
musical and other talent that during the winter season the evenings at 
home, the multi-colored and polyglot teas, the card parties and other 
divertissements, afford a round of intellectual enjoyment. 

Our ladies dress in the latest fashions and are, on all matters of taste, 
fully up to date. Sealskin cloaks are not Avorn, and lady visitors can limit 
their wardrobe to spring fabrics, with suggestions of summer lightness, 
with a wrap of medium weight for evening wear. 

It is now nearly nine years ago that a number of music- 
PhilarmoniC loving Spanish-Americans, under the leadership of Mr. 

p, 1^ Fred. Ronstadt, organized the "Club Filarmonico Tuc- 

^ sonense," and to this gentleman's patience and energy are 

of Tucson. chiefly due its permanence and proficiency. Its instru- 

ments are the best procurable, and as an interpreter of 
Spanish and Mexican music it has no equals in the United States and 
few superiors in Mexico. It has given public concerts in different parts 
of Arizona and in the principal cities of Southern California, being every- 
where received with enthusiasm. Its members are all Spanish-Americans, 
and no brighter or more intelligent faces can be found in any community. 
The club has lately amalgamated, for musical purposes, with the militia 
band, and during the summer season the two unite to give public con- 
certs in one of the city parks twice a week. The officers of the club 
are: P^rederico Ronstadt, president and leader; Rufino Velez, secretary and 
treasurer, and Migtiel T. Carrillo, Gerardo Mauzo and Carlos Jacome. 
directors. 



124 



Treasure Land. 



Grace 

Episcopal 

Church. 



(^.burcbes- 



On the 30tli of November, 1881, a small company of ladies 
interested in the establishment of an Episcopal church 
in Tucson met and organized a society for its promo- 
tion. In May, 1883, a lot for a church building was pur- 
chased at a cost of $1,000, and seven years later the con- 
struction of a church building was begun, the funds being obtained chiefly 
from private subscriptions, Mrs. Marian Calvert Wilson having alone ob- 
tained nearly $1,000 for this purpose. On Easter morning, April 2, 1893, the 
Rev. W. L. Githens conducted the first service in the neA% church, which 
was dedicated by Bishop J. Mills Kendrick in the presence of a large con- 
gregation in 1897. The request to consecrate was read by Mr. J. Geo. 
Hilzinger, on behalf of the church committee. 



■,«***!t»W.*^^ 




TUCS(.)N (.'lIURCilE.S : 



1. Episcopal 

2. Congregational. 
■■',. ;\Ietliodis(. 



The residents of Tucson to whom the members of the Episcopal church 
are most indebted for the carrying out of this great work of church build- 
ing, and not already mentioned, are Mesdames Nellie Pomroy, James Buell. 
W. T. Gibbons, B. M. Jacobs, C. M. Burkhalter and J. M. Ormsby, Messrs. 
.T. M. Ormsby, Chas. R. Drake, H. D. Underwood, J. K. Gooding, C. M. 
Burkhalter, F. A. Gully, Thos. F. Wilson and Selim M, Franklin. 

The present minister is the Rev. V. O. Gee, of Bowling Green, Ky., who 
assumed charge in March, 1896, and the church committee consists of the 
following gentlemen: W. W. Williams, warden; C. M. Burklialter, M. 1*. 
Dodge, D. F. Brown and J. Geo, Hilzinger, 

In the death of Mrs, S, L. Pomroy, in 1895, Grace church met with a 
great loss. She was one of its founders and always an efficient member. 

For church work there is a Ladies' guild and thei Bessie Edgar Memorial 
guild of young ladies, members of the congregation. '" The church is well 
fui-nished and carpeted, and the services are conducted regularly through- 
out the year, except for a short period during the heated term. 



The at II of Ages: Tucson. 



125 



Methodist 

Episcopal 

Church. 



It is now eighteen years since the Methodist Episcopal 
church of Tucson was organized by the Rev. Geo. H. 
Adams, the first superintendent of Methodist missions in 
Arizona. Among the first to give their names for mem- 
bership were Mrs. E. J. Hughes, wife or ex-Gov. L. C. 
Hughes, and Mrs. Adria Buckalew. 

Since its establishment there have been ten pastors, the best known 
being the Rev. J. F. Berry, editor of the Epworth Herald, and Rev. C. L. 
Bovard, superintendent of the New Mexico missions. The present pastor is 
Rev. E. R. Foley, and the church has a strong membership, composed of 
our most respected and representative families. It is aggressive and well 
organized, with all auxiliary helps, including a live Epworth league and a 
Ladies' Aid society. 

The church lot, corner of Stone avenue and Pennington street, has a 
frontage of 100 feet on each street. It originally cost $600, and is now 
worth as many thousands. The church building is of brick and was erected 
in 1881, upon designs furnished by Mr. L. D. Chillson. Attached to the 
church is a commodious parsonage, built the following year. 



The local organization of this church was perfected No- 
vember 20, 1881, with a membership of eight persons, 
and it has grown steadily in numbers and influence. The 
membership is now one of the largest in Tucson. The 
Rev. .T. Bowron will shortly assume charge of the congre- 
gation. 

The church building is an imposing editice, facing one of the city parks, 
and the interior is tastefiillv furnished. 



The 

Congregfational 
Church. 



The first Baptist church in Southern Arizona was organ- 
The Baptist Ized April 7, 1881, with six members, including the pas- 

Church ^'^^' ^^ ^^^^ ^^^ congregation. Rev. U. Gregory. Later on 

a building was erected on Stone avenue, and the church 
organization continued for several years. With the departure of the pastor, 
in 1888, interest in the work weakened, and was not revived until 
lately. The Itev. r. Aulick took charge in July, 1897, and under his minis- 
trations the church is expected to become an important factor in the moral 
and spiritual education of the people. 



The Roman Catholic church 
The Catholic ^^ ^^® leading religious 

establishment, with the 
Church. largest membership and the 

most elegant edifices. The 
old cathedral has lately been abandoned, and 
services are regularly held in the new building 
on Stone avenue. This is constructed of brick, 
with gray stone facings, and the design is 
elegant and impressive. It was dedicated 
February 7, 1897, with appropriate ceremonies, 
in which two archbishops, two bishops, one 
vicar, and over twenty priests took part. The 
cathedral is not yet finished, lacking the 
towers, but the energetic Bishop Bourgade 
will not rest until the magnificent monument 
is completed. 




Catholic Cathedhai,. 



I2G Treasure Land. 

rPATIlPMAL OIXiANIZATIOMS. 

Fraternal association is the moral and intellectual sunshine which 
warms the hidden germs of brotherhood into life, and matures them to 
achievement. It is the lever which will raise the world out of the quag- 
mire of ignorance and selfishness and perfect the race. It strength- 
ens the bonds of respect and love, smooths our paths and makes us hopeful 
and daring in the assurance of sympathy and appreciation. 

In no part of the country are the fraternal organizations so generally 
supported as in Tucson. They are all in a flourishing condition and their 
meetings well attended. True fraternity has always found a freer expres- 
sion in the great West, and striven to express itself in organized form. 
The bond of fraternity is here knit closer by a community of interest that 
does not exist in large cities where class distinctions are more plainly 
manifested. 

These are well represented, and hold regular and special 

The Masonic meetings. 

Tucson Lodge No. 4, F- ond A. M., has regular com- 
BodiCS. munications on the second Friday of each month. OflS- 

cers: Geo. J. Roskruge, W. M.; L. K. Hart, secretary. 
Membership, SO. 

Tucson Chapter No. 3, Royal Arch Masons, meets the last Friday of each 
month. Officers: G. M. Williams, H. P.; Geo. J. Koskruge, secretary. Mem- 
bership, 45. 

Arizona Commandery No. 1, Knights Templar, has stated conclaves the 
first Friday of each month. Officers: K. L. Hart, E. C; Geo. J. Roskruge, 
recorder. Membership, 50. 

Santa Rita Lodge of Perfection No. 1, A. and A. 8. R., meets irregularly. 
Geo. J. Roskruge, ven. master; H. D. Underwood, secretary. Member- 
ship, 35. 

Tucson Council No. 3, Royal and 8. M., meets irrfegularly. Geo. Shaud, 
ill. master; .7. M. Ormsby, secretary. Membership, 21. 

The first meeting of Masons held south of the Gila river, of which any 
record has been kept, was composed of the following brethren: A. C. Bene- 
dict, Martin Maloney, -Jacob S. Mansfeld, .Joseph B. Creamer, R. N. Leather- 
M^ood, Charles T. Etchells and George J. Roskruge, who, on the 11th of 
April, 1875, met at the house of .1. S. Mansfeld "for the purpose of dis- 
cussing the subject of forming a Masonic club at Tucson." At a meeting 
held the week following the Tucson Masonic club was formed, and Brother 
A. C. Benedict was elected chairman, and George .1. Roskruge secretary. 
The organization was kept alive until .January, 1881, when it was resolved 
to petition the M. W. Grand Master of California, who, on the 17th day of 
February, 1881, issued a dispensation authorizing Ansel M. Bragg as W. 
M., George J. Roskruge as S. ^V".. and Abraham Mark as J. W., and nineteen 
other brethren to form "Tucson Lodge," and on the 15th of October, 1881, a 
charter was. by the M. W. Grand Lodge of California, issued to the same 
officers and the lodge placed on the roll of the Grand Lodge of California 
as "Tucson Lodge No. 263." At the formation of the Grand Lodge of Ari- 
zona, on the 25th day of March, 1882, Tucson was designated as No. 4 on 
the roll of Arizona lodges. 

Independent Pima Lodge No. S meets every Tuesday and has a mem- 
„ , f bership of 65. The officers are: P. S. Hughes, N. G., and 

Uraer Oi j j mw^ secretary. Attached to this lodge is a lodge o'f 

Odd Fellows. Daughters of Rebekah, officered and controlled by tlie 
lady relatives of members of the order, who materially 

assist in advancing the welfare of the order. 



The City of Ages.- Tucson. 127 

Ancient Order 'i'l"s order has a local 3iieiubersbip of 250, aiul is ouo oC 

nf TTnitpd ^^^ most popular in Tucson. Its meetings are made at- 

01 uniiea tractive by the introduction of social features designed to 

Workmen. amuse and instruct the members. The lodge meets every 

Wednesday and the present officers are: Geo. W. 

Whomes, M. W.; F. B. Wightman, recorder, and W. E. Felix, financier. 

Attached to the parent organization is a lodge of the Degree of Honor, 
officered and controlled by the lady relatives of members of the A. O. U. W. 

This order is represented by Tucson Lodge No. 9, which 
The KniP"hts holds stated conventions every Monday. The officers are: 

" " ? C. T. Connell, C. C; V. O. Gee, Vice C. C; W. R. Kitt, 

01 PytniaS. prelate, and Jos. C. Perry, K. of R. and S. Member- 

ship, 90. 

San Xavier Camp was organized April 29, 189G, and now 
Woodmen of has an active membership of 45. It meets every alternate 
the World. Thursday. Officers are: F. A. Odermatt, P. C. C; R. W. 

Arthur, C. C.; I. Neustadter, C, and Pedro Pellon, B. 

In addition to these are the following organizations, fra- 
Other temal and benevolent: The Spanish-American Alliance, 

. . Women's Universal Benevolent Association, St. Vincent 

Or§:anizatlOnS. de Paul catholic Benevolent Society, Good Templars, 
Grand Army of the Republic, Pioneer and Historical So- 
ciety, United Order of Mechanics, and a full line of railroad benevolent and 
protective orders. 



Buildings and it is certainly apparent to the most casual observer that 

T our city has steadily improved during the last eight or 

nine years, so that visitors, new-comers, and even old 
Associations. residents do not hesitate to remark that Tucson now pre- 
sents the appearance of a thriving and enterprising city. 
The source and cause of this steady progress in the face of dire business 
depression is known to all stockholders in the building and loan associa- 
tions. Neither banks, business men nor private individuals cared to loan 
money at a moderate rate of interest and for long periods of time, so that 
only such inducements as those offered by these associations could have 
brought about the amount of home building and home improving that has 
taken place in this city during the time stated. 

Tucson has two such associations, of which it is justly proud. The orig- 
inal and the first to complete a series is the Tucson Building and Loan asso- 
ciation, and Ave present the following report thereon, prepared by the sec- 
retary, Mr. .J. A. Black: 

"This association early laid down a most liberal policy towards its Avitli- 
draAving stockholders, and has consistently acted with the utmost leniency 
In all cases of unavoidable foreclosures. Too often the cases of withdraAv- 
ing stockholders in this class of associations are made a most fruitful source 
of profit, and foreclosures are handled under the letter of the law, and thus 
to the delinquents' total and inequitable loss of property. Yet notwithstand- 
ing such liberal (but just and fair) conduct, the Tucson Building and Loan 
association has matured and paid off its first series in 104 months, the actual 
number of working or earning months, however, being but 102, as shown 
by the early records. 

"The money invested in the association has therefore had an earning 
capacity of 21 per cent, per annum, Avhich breaks the record of said insti- 
tutions on the Pacific coast, if not in the United States. 



128 



Treasure Laml. 



"After the lapse of 104 months, dnrinc: AA^hich time the country has 
suffered one of the severest financial panics and endured hard times for 
one of the longest periods in its history, the Tucson Building and Loan as- 
sociation shows a most successful record, with no losses and with but one 
piece of real estate actually in its possession by reason of foreclosure suit. 
This pi'operty is well worth the money invested in it, and has always re- 
turned good interest in the shape of rent." 

The second association, called The Citizens, is in a highly prosperous 
condition, and has been equally active in guarding the interests of its stock- 
holders. Although worked on a slightly different plan, the secretary, Mr. 
Gus. A. Hoff, prophesies an equally satisfactory result, and possibly a bet- 
ter one. 

To these associations is due much of the material progress of Tucson 
during the past decade, and this good work continues to be felt. 




InTIOSIOR SuEVEVOR (tENKRAI.'.S Okfioi 



The Surveyor 

General's 

Office. 



The office of surveyor general was first established in 
Tucson in July, 1870, upon the appointment of Hon. 
John Wasson as suiweyor general. He served three 
terms, retiring in favor of Hon. J. W. Robbius, in 
August, 3882. This gentleman died November, 1883, and 
the Hon. Royal A. Johnson was appointed to fill the 
vacancy, and held the office until December 11, 1885, when a change of 
national administration inducted the late Hon. John Hise into the official 
chair. Mr. Hise retired to civil life in July. 1889, and Mr. Johnson re- 
sumed the control that had been interrupted by the failure of the re- 
publican party to count enough votes. He served his term of four years, 
and another political failure caused his i-emoval in favor of Hon. Levi 
H. Manning, who served until April, 1896. and then resigned, either to 
prove that a good democrat can accomplish the feat or to give his per- 
sonal attention to his large mining interests. He was succeeded by the 
Hon. Geo. J. Roskruge, who will probably soon succumb to the uncon- 
geniality of a republican administration. 

The present suboi-dinates are W. E. Murphy, chief clerk; Raymond H. 
Satterwhite, assistant clerk, and August A. Lysight, mineral clerk. 



The Citij of Ages: Tucson. 



129 



The Boys 
in Blue. 




Colonel J. H. Martin. 



Without deeirinis: to draw any 
invidious distinctions, we be- 
lieve that the real patriotism 
of the country is chiefly found 
outside of the large cities, and 
the heart of the great West 
throbs with devotion to Old Glory. 

The organization of militia companies in 
Arizona is due to the desire of our young men to 
get closer to the flag of freedom and draw inspira- 
tion from its starry folds. That they are not 
parlor patriots, but men ready to offer their lives 
in the cause of their covintry in defense of law and 
order is shown by some late instances which we 
ask the reader's permission to refer to. 

When the Fitzsimmons and Maher prize fight 
was expected to "come off" on Arizona soil, the 
militia companies were ordered to the front, and 
the following extract from the report of Maj. 
R. Allyn Lewis, acting inspector general shows 
that they can be depended upon in time of need : 

"I desire to call your attention to the prompt- 
itude of these companies in preparing for service 
in such short time, neither officers nor men 
having- any idea where they were going, nor for what service. They were 
absolutely unprovided for field service, having no overcoats, blankets, 
haversacks, cooking utensils or other camp equipage. They had nothing 
but the regulation uniform, their rifles with twenty rounds of ball car- 
tridges, and a determination to go where they were needed and do their 
duty as soldiers. Every man who could be reached by his company 
officers reported for duty. The conduct of companies D and F during 
five days of field service is especially deserving of commendation, and 
this was the first time they had ever been called out." 

It will not siu-prise the reader to learn that companies D and F came 
from Tucson and are good samples of our young men. Company D was 
organized in 1889, followed in 1890 by the organization of company F. 

The present membership of company D is forty, and of company F, 
thirty-five, and this does not include the militia band of thirty-eight 
pieces. The officers of company D are: Emanuel Drachman, captain; 
Bert Gray, first lieutenant; Wm. Powers, second lieutenant. Of company 
F: J. M. Trayer, captain, and Heraclio Hutton, first lieutenant. 

The band is composed chiefly of young people who have become 
skillful musicians during their three years of practice and give public 
concerts during the summer months. 

There is no territorial law providing for general officers. The regi- 
mental colonel and senior officer of the guard is J. H. Martin, one of 
our prominent lawyers and secretary of the board of regents of the 
University of Arizona, and J. A. Black is major of first batallion. 



The springs of Agua Caliente, Monkey Springs, and those 
of Walnut cafion are fairly well known to our people, 
but few of them ai'e aware that any exist in the im- 
mediate vicinity of Tucson. 

Two and one-half miles west of Tucson, at the base 
of Sentinel peak, is a natural spring, strongly impreg- 
nated with sulphur and other minerals, which years ago was reputed to 
have fine medicinal properties, but in the lapse of years it has been for- 
gotten. 



Tucson 
Mineral 
Sprin§:s. 



130 Treasure Land. 

There are two daily newspapers published iu Tucson, 
the Citizen and Star, both representative sheets and 
Our well supported. 

Newspapers. "^^^ atizen was founded in 1870, and has been con- 

tinuously published under different managements. The 
present editor and proprietor is the Hon. Herbert Brown, 
a trained newspaper man, who has been prominently identified with the 
interests of Arizona for many years. He is curator of the territorial 
museum and an authority on the ornithology of Southern Arizona, of 
which subject he has made a special study. His collection of birds, do- 
nated to the museum, is one of the most perfect and complete in the 
country. The Citizen is the exponent of republican politics and has a 
large circulation. It is published every evening, Sundays and holidays 
excepted. 

The Arizona Daily Star was established in 1877 by the Hon. L. C. 
Hughes, its present editor and proprietor. It was the first democratic 
journal in the territory and has always been the ablest exponent of the 
principles of that party. It has been foremost in advocating all issues 
designed to promote the welfare of our people and has done more to 
mould public opinion than any other newspaper in the territory. It has 
a large circulation, and being a morning paper it reaches all the prin- 
cipal railroad points on the day of its issue. Mr. L. C. Hughes is a 
veteran of the civil war, served two terms as district attorney and two 
terms as probate judge of Pima county, was attorney general in 1875 
and governor of the territory under the last democratic administration. 
He is ably assisted by his talented wife, who opened the first public 
school in the territory in 1872. 

Both papers issue weekly editions which circulate in all the mining 
camps and outlying agricultural districts. 

There are also two weekly papers published in the Spanish language, 
which are liberally patronized by our Spanish-American population. El 
Fronterizo is conducted by Sefior Carlos Y. Velasco. a very able writer, 
and has a large circulation in Southern Arizona and Sonora. La Lux is 
edited by Mr. Chas. H. Tully, a versatile writer, formerly principal of 
the Tucson public schools, and while a newcomer in the field of journalism, 
it is meeting with liberal support. Both papers are able exponents of 
the most advanced Spanish-American thought and ably contribute to the 
upbuilding of this section. 

Among the improvements in course of construction we 
jj.g must not omit a description of the natatorium, which 

is expected to be in running order by the middle of 
Natatorium. August. The building will be both substantial and 

ornamental, and the interior arrangements of the latest 
designs. The swimming tank will have an area of over 3,000 square feet 
and contain 170.000 gallons. The water supply Avill be pumped from a 
well. 200 feet Avest of the building, and a pipe line connecting with the 
plant of The Arctic Tee Company will furnish a supply of warm water 
when needed. There will be thirty or more private bath rooms, and 
Turkish and Russian bath departments. 

Messrs. Barnes & Martin, the well known lawyers, are the owners, 
and their reputation as clear-headed business men ensures the public an 
elegantly appointed and well managed institution. 



The City of Ages: Tucson. 



131 




1. v. M. Cordova. 

2. Radulovich Block. 



TUOSON BUHINKSS BLOCKS: 

3. Wheeler & Perry. 

4. Tucson Grocer Co. 



5. Kohler Block. 

6. NefE & Co. Stables. 



132 



Treasure Land. 



There is 
Li§:ht, 



There are fifty-two stockholders in The Electric Light 
and Power Company of Tucson, and they are all our 
own people, and all so pleased with their investment that 
none of the stock is for sale. The company was organ- 
ized some years ago with a capital of $60,000. The 
plant comprises two engines, 135 and 90-horse power; 
two boilers, 130 and 110-horse power, and four dynamos, really two en- 
tire and separate plants, thus securing the public against accidents. At 
the present time there are maintained about 2,000 incandpscent lights, 
twenty-flve arcs and twenty electric fans, to which nnnibois constant ad- 
ditions are being made. 




Two OF THE Departments of Ros. Brena s Stoke. 



A Spanish- 
American 
Merchant. 



Among our business men are several of Mexican birth, 
who are the peers of any merchants in the land. They 
lack nothing of enterprise and foresight, and add to their 
other business qualifications an unfailing courtesy that is 
as natural to them as it is pleasant to their patrons. 

Mr. Rosario Brena conducts one of the largest whole- 
sale and retail general stores in Tucson. He began in a small way about ten 
years ago, and by careful attention and intelligent management has extended 
his trade over the whole of Southern Arizona, and north as far as Pinal 
and Gila counties. He is also largely interested in ranch property and cattle, 
and is generally in touch with our resources. 



A New 
Opera House 



If the social condition of a community can be measured 
by the extent of its appreciation of the fine arts, Tucson 
must certainly take high rank, for in no city of the Union 
are these so generally cultivated and appreciated. 
Our need of a good opera house has been felt for a long time, and sev- 
eral organized efforts have been made to meet it, but it remained for in- 
dividual enterprise to take the matter in hand and carry it to a successful 
issue. 

Mr A. V. Grosetta has been for years one of our most progressive citizens. 
His fortune has been made among us and all his investments are here. His 
latest and most brilliant enterprise is the erection of an opera house on 
Congress street, after plans made by the well known theatre architect, Sydney 
Lovell, of Chicago. 

It is designed to seat 900 people and will cost not less than $25,000. The 
scenery will be of the highest grade, painted by the great scenic artists. 



The City of Ages: Tucson. 



133 



Sozman and Landis, of Chicago, and the stage settings, seats and furnish- 
ings of the most modern designs. Hot-air furnaces will heat the house in 
winter, and ventilating devices will make it pleasant during tne heated 
term. The auditorium will be so arranged as to make a combination dance 
floor and seats. 

He has also arranged with the Masonic fraternity of Tucson for the 
erection of the first exclusive Masonic lodge room in the Territory in the 
same block. 

Mr. Grosetta's enterprise and abilities are not confined to building in- 
vestments. He is the principal shareholder in The Tucson Grocery Company, 
the owner of a large and flourishing orchard in the valley, and interested in 
other public enterprises. 




~ g»»g.« ' MT!iL gr fW» '' »eM¥» X WV 



ROL.IR"": t;S ^L."OR MILLS 



fCrlh: 



»I^Hi 



Eagle Flour Mills. 



Any evidence of enterprise indicates the social an<i com- 
mercial strength of a community, and we point with pride 
Flours of the to the evidence offered by the Eagle flour mills, one of the 

Desert. largest and best appointed in Arizona. The original mill 

was built in 1S72, but has been enlarged and improved by 
the present owners. Mr. Leo Goldschmidt, the general man- 
ager, is also interested in mines and real estate. He has laid off some lots 
for villa residences in the northern part of the city, and will set the pace 
by erecting a handsome residence at a cost of $5,000. 

While it is a matter of regret from one point of view that 

gambling should be licensed in the territory, it is a vice 

Regulated by that is common to all frontier sections, and it is wiser 

L^YV. *-° control it by law than let it flourish secretly. We are 

proud to say that the influence of the community is such 

as to rob gambling of some of its worst features. In the 

first place the resorts are in the hands of men who know that their license 

will not be renewed to them if their places are not conducted properly, and 

for this reason nothing is tolerated of a disreputable nature. Everything is 

straight and orderly and open to inspection. This is the true Western method, 

and low dives and deadfalls, where crime is rampant, are peculiar to the 

low resorts of the crowded Eastern cities. The Legal Tender, of Tucson, 

of which Mr. J. J. Walsh is proprietor, is a model of good management, 

and while such a business is considered legitimate, it is some satisfaction 

to know that it is in the hands of a careful person. 



134 



Treasure Land. 



A Sweet 
Place. 



The toothsome delicacies of the confectioner's art are al- 
ways pleasant, and in summer, ice cream and refreshing 
drinks are necessities. Mr. P. A. StoUar knew this when 
he opened the largest confectionery and ice cream parlors 
in the southwest on Congress street. He furnished the 
store in metropolitan style, and the result has justified his 
expectations. The retail trade has created a demand for fine confectionery, 
and compelled him to add a wholesale department for the country trade. He 
thinks Tucson is "the sweetest place on earth." 



Among those who came to stay with us, we reckon Dr. Geo. 
Whomes, who arrived here six years ago and found every- 
thing so agreeable that he promptly decided to remain, and 
emphasized his decision by erecting a pretty modern cot- 
tage on the principal residence street. Being a skillful 
dentist, he has done well professionally, and is entirely 
satisfied with his environment. 



Quite Satisfied. 



Otliers Follow. 



The distinction of building the first compartment house in 
Tucson is an indication of enterprise and foresight in the 
builder. Mr. H. B. Dodge has set the pace in this direction, 
and others will follow. He has been here fifteen years and 
has , always tried to lead on progressive lines. The Dodge 
block will long remain a monument to his enterprise. He 

is interested in mines in the Oro Blanco district, and a stockholder in both 

of our building and loan associations. 



Only One 
Failure. 



Among our self-made men, who have increased their busi- 
ness from year to year by unremitting attention and the 
exercise of good judgment, is Mr. Julius Goldbaum. He 
handles high grade wines and liquors and carries the best 
assortment of lunch goods in Arizona. 

He has found time to make some fruit culture experi- 
ments within the city limits, which demonstrate the capabilities of our soil. 
It is only an acre of land, but this is sufficient to show what lovely homes 
can be made in Tucson. The grape is a success, both in quantity and flavor, 
almonds do well, so do peaches, apricots and green gages. The only failure 
he notes is the cherry, which does not thrive here below an altitude of 4,000 
feet. 




9.<^W-' 




1. Interior Fleislitnaii's DruK Store. 



Otiice Singer Sewing Machine Co. 



The City of Ages: Tucson. 



135 



Two Hundred 
per cent. 
Increase. 



No better evidence of the prosperous condition of Tucson 
can be offered than the remarkable growth of the business 
of the Consolidated National Bank. This institution, like 
every other, is our own, built up on home capital and man- 
aged and controlled by our own people. It was originally 
started in 1885, by Mr. D. Henderson, now president of the 
Santa Clara Bank, California, who effected a consolidation with the Bank 
of Tucson two years later, and shortly afterwards transferred his interests 
to the present organization, by whom it was nationalized in 1889. The present 
officers are M. P. Freeman, president; W. C. Davis, vice president, and H. B. 
Tenney, cashier. A comparison of their statement given to the comptroller 
of the currency last May, with that made for the same month in 1896, 
shows an increase in deposits from $129,480 in 1896 to $352,251 in 1897, or two 
hundred (200) per cent. This Is the largest line of deposits of any bank in 
the Territory. Its paid-up capital is $50,000, and cash resources $275,891. 




Interior Consolidated National Bank. 



Mr. 



depends for his living upon the interest he 



Lacks Support. 



receives on his money, and complains that our people are 
already so prosperous that they refuse to pay the usual 
IV2 or 2 per cent., and this independent spirit is fomented 
by the presence of Eastern money at 10 per cent, and less. 
These conditions compel him to deprive himself of many 
luxuries he is accustomed to, to the detriment of his health, and while he 
has done everything in his power to retard the advancement of the com- 
munity, he feels that he has not been properly supported, and proposes to 
organize a "Hold-Back Club." 

We have never seen a finer display of modern jewelry and 
art novelties than in the store of the H. A. Zeckendorf Co. 
Mr. Zeckendorf is the son of one of the founders of the 
pioneer firm of L. Zeckendorf & Co., and was educated in 
Europe, where he learned the art of watchmaking. He was 
afterwards a pupil of H. H. Heinrichs, the celebrated 
chronometer maker of New York, and was special correspondent at the Paris 
exposition for the New York Jewelers' Weekly. His knowledge of all matters 
pertaining to his profession is both theoretical and practical, and no New 
York jeweler more elegantly displays the triumphs of his art. 



Jewelry and 
A.rt Novelties. 



136 



Treasure Land. 



The 

Legal 

Fraternity. 



The bar of Tucson ranks second 
to none in Arizona, and is speci- 
ally distingviished for its ability 
and integrity, and its members 
are frequently called to all parts 
of the territory to conduct im- 
portant cases. The bench is ably filled by the Hon. 
Geo. R. Davis, Associate Justice of the Supreme Court 
of Arizona and Jndge of the First Judicial District, 
who came originally from Wapakoneta, Ohio. He is 
the youngest of the newly appointed Federal judges' 
Vuit he brings to Arizona a ripe experience, deep^learn- 
ing and a splendid record for upright and courteous 
dealings. He is a personal friend of President McKinley 
and although this is his first political office, he has 
always been an active Republican, and was the first 
delegate elected from Ohio to the last National Repub- 
lican Convention. The Judge will hereafter make his 
home in Tucson with his wife and two children. He is 
favorably impressed with the climate and resources of 
Arizona and hopes to see statehood conferred upon it 
during his term. 




HoK, Gko. R. Davis. 



A Good 
Authority. 



Low Rate of 
Insurance. 



Mr. J. A. Black established his jewelry business here in 
1883 and has always been prominent in public affairs. As 
commissioner of immigration, he prepared and published 
the best review of our resources, and was one of the 
founders of the Phoenix Republican. He is now secretary 
of the Tucson Building and Loan Association, and we are 
indebted to him for valuable information in the preparation of this work. 

The question of insurance is at the foundation of more of 
our business and social affairs than we think. Fire and 
life insurance are the more familiar phases of our desire 
to become our own special providence, and Mr. H. D. 
Underwood has been their apostle in Tucson for the last 
fifteen years. He calls our attention to the fact that the 
rate of insurance in Tucson is the same as in San Francisco, for the reason 
that underwriters consider us a good risk. He also handles real estate and 
mines, and is one of our best-posted men on these subjects. During the 
past thirty days he has sold more city property than in the previous three 
years, and all of it to people who intend to build homes for themselves. 
There is also a lively movement in mining properties. Extensive developments 
are being made and the prospects generally were never better. 

County Treasurer Chas. F. Hoff, who is also manager of 
the Tucson, Nogales, Prescott and Flagstaff telephone sta- 
Telephone tlons, and one of the most enterprising men in the Terri- 

Facllities tory, informs us that in the matter of telephone communi- 

cation, Arizona is not a whit behind the rest of the world. 
There are about 150 subscribers in Toicson, and the central 
office is kept constantly busy answering calls. He is now making arrange- 
ments to connect the different important mining camps with Tucson and 
Nogales and will probably build a line south to the thriving mining districts 
across the international line. The opening of the new custom house at 
Sasabe will give an impetus to business between Tucson and the Altar dis- 
trict in Sonora, and greatly facilitate the operations of the Plomo and El 
Grupo mining companies, in which our people are vitally interested. 

Mr. Hoff is a man of ideas and a fluent writer. We regret that a val- 
uable contribution from his pen has been unavoidably crowded out of this 
issue. 



The at II of Ages: Tucson. 137 

People who have been accustomed to hear the woes of the 
unemployed continually dinned into their ears will find in 
Nn Trtl M Tucson a refreshing change, for here, notwithstanding our 

proximity to the cheap labor market of Mexico, it is at 
times almost impossible to hire men to perform ordinary 
labor, and our mechanics are the most independent in the 
world. 

Our attention was called to this fact by Messrs. A. V. Grosetta and Gus. 
A. Hoff, of The Tucson Grocery Company, who have evidently had some- 
late experience on the subject, and our own observation confirms theirs. 

Tlie superb natural roads in the vicinity of Tucson have 

caused our people to invest very heavily in the bicycle, 

A Good and a daily spin of fifteen or twenty miles before break- 

BlCVCle Town fast is no unusual performance, even for ladies, as the 

exertion required is little more than what is necessary to 

preserve a balance. 

In 1895, Messrs. F. E. Russell and M. E. Sheldon formed a copartnership 

for the purpose of supplying our people with high grade wheels and electric 

and gas fixtures. Mr. Russell is an expert electrician and has charge of the 

plant of The Electric I^ight and Power Company, while Mr. Sheldon is an 

excellent mechanic. 

In publishing interviews for the information of the public, 

we select only those with people whose facilities for gather- 

Must Be ing information are above the average. Mr. L. D. Chillson 

DcvelODed. ^^^ been in the southwest since 1859. He was the first 

county surveyor of Pima county and has been a deputy 

United States mineral surveyor for twenty years. 

As city engineer he calls our attention to the fact that Tucson has now 

eighteen miles of curbed .sidewalks and well-graded streets. He believes that 

our fertile valleys can nearly all be irrigated and produce large crops. We 

have barely touched our natural resources, having relied entirely upon our 

own means, but the attraction of our climate will induce those to come here 

who have the money to develop them. 

The volume of freight movement in Tucson appears to be 
Astonished °^^ °^ ^^^ proportion to the size of the town, until one 

realizes the large extent of our tributary country. Mr. 

_ Geo. E. Kohler has lived in the southwest since 1880, and 

Convinced. Uke others, was at first astonished, then convinced, and 

decided that Tucson was the most promising place he had 
seen. He piurchased one of the best business corners and erected thereon 
a large modern block at a cost of $25,000, dividing it into four elegant stores, 
which were rented to good tenants before they were finished. He occupies 
the corner store himself with a large stock of furniture, carpets and general 
house furnishings, and does a good business over all the southern portion of 
Arizona and into Mexico. All his capital is now invested here, and he feels 
that it is as safe as if it were in United States bonds, and it is ten times 
more remunerative. 

The art of dressing well has reached a high stage, and the 
ingenuity of designers and weavers is heavily taxed to 

They Will meet the demand for elegant and tasteful novelties. 

j)fg5S^ This fact is well understood by Mr. W. F. Kitt, whoso 

fashionable dry goods store in the Radulovich block affords 
a display of fashionable fabrics and millinery rarely met 

outside of the large cities. 

Mr. Kitt has had years of experience and his present prosperity proves 

that if a man understands what he is doing and does it well, he invariably 

succeeds. 



138 



Treasure. Latid. 



The comforts of home life are not usually expected by 
travelers, nor are they ever realized fully, but the Hotel 
Home Life Hall as nearly approaches perfection in this direction as 

Realized. ^^y hotel in the country. It is located near the center of 

the city and yet far enough from it to avoid all the noise 
and the bustle of traffic. Miss Anna B. Hall took charge in 
1894, and renovated and refurnished the house from top to bottom. Home- 
cooking is more than a phrase, and the dining room is a model of comfort 
and good taste. The best of our visitors make this their home, and among 
them we may mention Col. Summer, U. S. A., post commander Fort Grant; 
Maj.- Chalmers, Washington, D. C. ; Prof. True, director experiment stations; 
Col. J. D. Breathitt, special agent interior department and others equally 
well known. 






A 




i 


teZTkii 



Good Roads. 



Hotel, Hali. and Dining Eoom. 
While the bicycle fad is as great in Tucson as in any 
place in the country on account of our excellent roads, 
there is an exhiliaration produced by a good drive that 
can not be simulated; then, too, a buggy will hold a pair, 
and if the proper relations exist between them, the ride 
becomes a dream of ecstasy and an armful of bliss. Neff & 
Co. make a specialty of providing the public with good horse power to suit 
the circumstances, and claim that their business is entirely satisfactory. 
Mining men who require teams for long drives are good patrons, as they 
know their wants are supplied at short notice. They note an unusual activity 
m mining matters and express their confidence in the future of Pima county. 
In a business directory of Tucson, published in 1878, ap- 
pears the name of Henry Buehman, photographer, and this 
He Is Still gentleman has persistently engaged in the same business 

iTgj.£ ever since. He has not stayed here because he lacked 

either the enterprise or ability to go elsewhere, but from 
choice. For twenty-four years he has taken the photo- 
graphs of our people froin youth to age, and the artistic reproduction of all 
the Tucson babies, who have looked with childish surprise at his camera, 
has been pronounced by Eastern experts one of the finest examples of photo- 
graphic art ever produced. Mr. Buehman keeps pace with every improve- 
ment in photography, and aided by our wonderful sunlight and clear air, 
does the finest work in the county. He Is interested in mining and ranching, 
and is prominent in all public matters, having been repeatedly called to occupy 
official positions of trust and responsibility. He is now serving his second 
term as mayor of Tucson. Most of the artistic illustrations of this volume 
are his work, and the publishers are indebted to him for many valuable 
suggestions in their arrangement. It may be truly said in this case that 
some may come and some may go, but he stays with us always. 



The City of Ages: Tucson. 130 

The science of dentistry, as now understood, is of com- 
paratively recent origin, having been professionally recog- 
Comfort in the nlzed in 1843. There is every reason to believe, however. 

Desert that the treatment of the teeth received special attention 

among the ancient Egyptians, that marvelous people, who 
appear to have partially anticipated most of our modern 
discoveries, and George Washington masticated his food for several years 
with false teeth, clumsily constructed, indeed, but equal to the requirements. 
Dr. F. A. Odermatt is a member of the Pacific Dental Congress, that 
meets in San Francisco this year, and sustains the reputation of our den- 
tists as the most proficient in the world. He has resided in Tucson for the 
last fifteen years, and been identified with all our progressive movements. 
His parlors are elaborately provided with the latest modern appliances, and 
our winter visitors find him so skillful that he reckons many of them among 
his regular patrons. 

He owns a beautiful home, with a large area of garden and orchard sur- 
rounding it, a veritable paradise of bloom and verdure, which shows how 
a man can gather about him a world of comfort and luxury in the "desert." 
We have elsewhere referred to our band boys and their 
leader, but omitted purposely to inform the reader of a 
A circumstance that will astonish him. The talented leader, 

Musical Genius. ^^' ^^^^- Ronstadt, the self-made musician, of whom we 
are justly proud, has found time to perfect himself in 
musical science and instruct the Philharmonic and militia 
bands while following the prosaic and trying avocation of blacksmith and 
carriage builder. Two pursuits more antagonistic could not be conceived, 
and the fact that he neglects neither and excels in both shows, that he is 
made of the material of which great men are formed. 

Mr. came to Tucson over twenty years ago and 

engaged in the business of warrant shaving, which proved 
He Will Surely exceedingly remunerative. He is now well-to-do and will- 
j)ig^ ing to lend money at 2 per cent, per month on good 

security. While he is not opposed to the advancement of 
Tucson, and believes that it has abundant resources, he 
thinks that immigration will reduce the rates of interest and make people 
too independent, and for this reason does not care to assume the responsi- 
bility of encouraging it. As he is getting along in years his objections will 
probably be overruled in the near future, and some more enterprising person 
will eventually get his money. 

There are so many of our merchants who started in a 

small way and have grown up with the country, that a 

Prices are reference to one firm is almost a reference to all. The firm 

Reasonable. °^ Wheeler & Perry comes under the rule, and their 

present large establishment exemplifies most forcibly the 

conditions that prevail here. They do a large jobbing 

business in grocery and produce all over the southern country, besides which 

they handle a fair family trade. The stock they carry would surprise the 

Kastern country jobber, both as to bulk and quality. 

Prior to the erection of the Radulovich block, there was 
only one two-story business building in Tucson, and when 
He Made His it was rumored that Mr. L. G. Radulovich intended to 

Money Here. erect another at the far end of town, his friends tried to 

persuade him that it was a wild speculation. He carried 
out his intention, however, and has made money by it. He 
occupies one of the stores with a large stock of china, glass and shelf- 
hardware, displayed in the most tasteful manner. He is a shrewd business 
man, and having manifested his faith in Tucson by the investment of his 
capital, we did not feel it necessary to ask him to express it orally. 



140 



TredsKve Land. 



Meat is Good 
and Cheap. 



The visitor will be surprised to find here such a well-ap- 
pointed and well-supplied meat market as that of Mr. C. 
F. Schumacher, who is one of those men whose aggressive 
energy forces them to the front in everything. Without any 
political ambition, he has been prominent in political af- 
fairs by the will of the people, because whatever the de- 
mands of business, public or private, may be, he always finds time to per- 
form them well. His present business is the result of small beginnings, and 
shows what industry and intelligence accomplish when the field is fair. 

In our interview with him he referred to the fact that our meats are 
not only first-class, but so low in price that Eastern people will find that 
they can get the best cuts for less than they have been accustomed to pay 
for the worst grades. 



Schumacher's 

Meat Market. 




Mr. 



came here twelve years ago and started a 



Fears 
Competition. 



peanut stand, and by unremitting attention to business and 
sustaining himself on the stale nuts that could not other- 
wise be disposed of, he began to thrive. Fortune smiled 
upon him, and as it cost him nothing to live he made a 
good profit. He increased his stock to meet the demands 
of trade, and gradually forced his way into the retail grocery business. His 
frugal habits and careful personal attention to business produced the natural 
results, and in a few years he became almost wealthy. He fully realizes 
that the same results can be obtained by others, but he does not believe 
In encouraging them to come here, as competition will certainly injure his 
business. Pie can not, therefore, without prospective injury to himself, en- 
courage any enterprise to induce immigration. 

Mr. • • has made lots of money in Tucson and 

proposes to keep it. When we asked him to subscribe for 
our book he gave a quiet chuckle and said: "You'll get 
enough subscriptions for that book without me, and if it 
does any good, as I suppose it will, I'll get as much benefit 
from it as my neighbor, and you can't prevent it. Them 
principles is what I've made my money on, and they're good enough to stay 
with. You might be doing something better than writing books, anyhow. 
You can make more money hoeing corn. Look at me! I started life with 
a dollar bill and what do you suppose I done with it? I've got it yet! If 
people only saved all they earned they'd have it, wouldn't they? That's the 
way I've got rich— saving everything. Perhaps I've lost a little health doing 
it, but what of it? If I die, I'll die rich, anyhow. The people of Tucson 
don't appreciate a man with money, and I'm only waiting for some fools 
to improve my property so that I can get a good price for it, then I'll sell 
it and go East, where a man's bank account counts. I'm not subscribing 
for nothing — see!" 



Got It Yet. 



NOGALES 



THI: LINE CITY 




IN rill^NATIONAL A\()NUril:N F 



This monument stands in front of J. T. Brickw^ood's store in an angle made in the 

building to admit it. The boundary line between the United States 

and Mexico passes through the center of the monument 

from left to right. 



142 



Treasure Land. 



The pleasures of stage travel are better appreciated now 

From Tucson than when stages were the only means of conveyance 

t iMno-olp between distant points. Railroads have so gridironed 

to JNOgaies Arizona that there are comparatively few of the old 

by Stagfe. stage Hues left, and the old-timers have to depend upon 

their recollection for the pleasure that is in them. 

A stage ride to Nogales is not a necessity, as the journey can be made 

in almost seven hours by rail, but if the visitor wishes to see something of 

our back country, oiu' mesas, valleys and moimtains, we recommend this 

trip. 

Mr. M. G. Saraaniego is the proprietor of the state line and a most 
accommodating gentleman. The stage is one of the finest and easiest 
ever built and the driver an interesting relic of the transition period. He 
has grown old and gray in the service, and can interest you with some 
stirring tales of the past, if you luiderstand Spanish. 

After leaving Tucson you follow the banks of the Santa Cruz river 
until within ten miles of Nogales, then ascend through fields and orchards 
to the Line City, and drink in the bracing air of the mountains. 




IMC LIMI: CnV. 

Nogales is the second city in Pima county with respect to size and 
importance and the last one founded. It is situated at the summit or" tlio 
divide in a narrow pass, where the high ranges of mountains that sur- 
round it bend abruptly as if to afford facilities for international commerce. 
With characterislic energy the American city has pressed right up to tlie 
international line, Mhile the Mexicans, with customary courtesy, have 
retired back from it some sixty feet, and this sixty-foot space forms what 
is known as International street. 

The line of railway running from Benson, on the Southern Pacific rail- 
road to the port of Guaymas on the Gulf of California, passes through 
Nogales and is not only responsible for the town's existence, but has 
made it the prosperous place we find it to be to-day. 

Being a dual city, under different governments, with only an imaginary 
line separating the two peoples, some conflict of ideas or action might 
naturally be expected, but as will be seen after reading our interviews 
with prominent citizens, nothing of the kind exists, but in their stead 



Nogales, the Line City. 143 

the utmost harmony of thought and action prevails. Even the peace 
officers of the two cities cooperate in the arrest and punishment of of- 
fenders on the other side of the street who seeli an asylum with them. 
When the authorities of American Nogales ordained a dog tax and elected 
a pound master, serious trouble was anticipated, as the Mexicans are 
extremely partial to dogs. Strange to say, the authorities of Mexican 
Nogales quietly passed a similar laAA', the first time in the history of 
Mexico, and courteously requested that their dog tags be respected in 
United States territory. As it was not fair to expect dogs to observe the 
niceties of international treaties it was agreed between the two cities 
that dog tags should be mutually respected, hence, to-day a registered 
canine can wag his tail on either side of the line with impunity, while the 
unlicensed cur is not spared on accoimt of his nationality. 

The elevation is about 4,000 feet above sea-level, and its climate leaves 
nothing to be desired. During the short rainy seasons it is never damp 
for more than a few hours at a time, owing to the 
fact that the town is situated at the highest point of 
Climate the valley that slopes gently north and south, giving a 

of NO£"ales natural and perfect drainage. The days are moderately 

' warm and the nights cool and refreshing, making it an 

admirable climate for persons affected with pulmonary 
diseases. No case has ever been reported that originated in the neighbor- 
hood, and all incipient cases have derived marked benefit. 

One of the peculiar conditions attending life in the 

dual city is illustrated in the case of the popular rail- 

A Serious road agent at Nogales, Mr. P. .T. Zeimet. The intcr- 

DiffiCUltV national boundary line passes diagonally through Iiis 

office, and when business becomes specially irritating, 

he does not know which language to swear in apprn- 

jiilately and consequently has to appear to retain his usual evenness oC 

tompei'. 

Mr. Zeimet is brought into daily contact with the Mexican customs 
officials, and states that no more courteous or accommodating people can 
be found anywhere. He has been seven years in charge of this office. 
and has always foimd them more Avilling to facilitate international busi- 
ness than to impede it. 

We are indebted to the Hon. H. K. Chenoweth, the collector of cus- 
toms for the district, and his efficient assistants, for valuable information 
I'especting the customs service. 

Nogales is the principal port of entry for the district, but there aie 
deputies stationed at Bisbee, Lochiel, Buenos Ayres and Yuma, and it is 
probable that a station will be established at Tucson in the near future. 
Besides these officers there are three clerks in the Nogales office, and 
eighteen subordinates employed as inspectors, guards, etc., at different 
points on the frontier. 

Mr. S. M. Aguirre. special deputy, cashier and disburs- 

The Customs '^^" agent, is a son of one of the old Spanish settlers. 

who came originally from the Biscayan provinces. H(> 

Service, \\'as educated in one of the best schools in the country, 

and from a line-rider in 1890 he has been advanced on 

merit to this present responsible position. 

Mr. E. K. Sykes, entry clerk, proved his capacity in several positions 
of trust and responsibility before entering the customs service, and is the 
son of Col. C. P. Sykes, one of the most enterprising men in Arizona. 

Mr. J. H. Politzer, statistical clerk, is also an Arizonian, and his experi- 
ence as a business man and accountant admirably fits him for his present 
position. He is the son of Mr. Politzer, the well-known expert of New 
York City. 



14i Treasui'e Land. 

Some idea of the commerce of Nojralos may be gathered 
ImcortS from a consideration of the following comparative state- 

^ ment of the customs for the fiscal years ending June 30, 

and Exports. 1896, and June 30, 1897, not including commodities en- 
tered under bond and destined to foreign countries and in- 
terior ports of the United States, kindly prepared for us by Mr. Politzer, 
statistical clerk: 

Value of imports, 1897 ^3,047,764 Duties, $124,978 

Value of imports, 1896 2,603,502 Duties, 85,372 

Increase $ 444,262 Duties, $ 39,606 

The average ad valorem rate being 21.42 per cent, for 1897, and 21.89 
per cent, for 1896. 

Value of exports, 1897 ?1,032,414 

Value of exports, 1896 941,779 

Increase ". $ 90,635 

. The resident agents of Wells, Fargo & Co. are always 

wells, thg repositories of valuable information respecting the 

FarrO & Co/S condition of business at their stations. Mr. W. F. Over- 

. . ton. the head of the Nogales office, has been identified 

Agfeni. with the Southwest for the last fifteen years, and as a 

quasi-public officer enjoys the respect of tlie public and the appreciation of 

liis company. 

Large industrial operations are being conducted in Sonora, and the 
future is full of promise. While the official statistics of the entry port of 
Nogales convey some idea of the Sonora trade, it must be remembered that 
the port of Guaymas, on the Gulf of California, is the depot of supplies for 
a large portion of the state, and the value of imports there is not accessible. 
Large shipments are made by sea from California, and European merchan- 
dise is landed in large quantities, the vessels taking return cargoes of high- 
grade ores and other local products, the rate of transportation being out of 
all proportion to the distance. It is highly probable that the transfer of 
the Sonora railway to the Southern Tacific company will throw a large 
portion of the business now transacted witli Europe into the hands of our 
own merchants, if they have sufficient capital and enterprise to handle it. 
The value of the Sonora trade is conceded in Nogales, and 
-T-up the mining activity in that state fully appreciated, but 

its real nature and extent is only faintly comprehended. 
Sonora Trade. in order to obtain more particular information on this 
subject for our story, we called upon Mr. Ignacio Bonil- 
las, and to him we are indebted for the substance of this article. He is a 
member of the American Institute of Mining Engineers, and has been iden- 
tified with the mining development in Southern Arizona and Sonora for 
the past foin-teen years. He was official engineer for the government for 
several years, and his reputation for diameter and ability is of the higliest. 
Tlie mining industry in Sonora was never more prosperous than at pres- 
ent, and the number and magnitude of the enterprises can be faintly con- 
veyed by the fact that there are over 15,000 men directly engaged in the 
production of the precious metals. The Minas Prietas alone give employ- 
ment to about 3,000, and many of the properties are beneficial producers. 
As the mining code of Mexico differs materially from our 
The Mexican own, we present, for the information of our readers, the 
following summary of its requirements with respect to 
Miningf Code. the location and possession of mines: 

Any person, foreigner or citizen, can locate as many 
claims, or "pertenencias," as he feels able to handle, each claim being 100 
metres square; provided, however, that no foreigner can locate mines 



Nogales, the Line City. 145 

within the Free Zone, or a distance of fifty-two miles from the boundary 
line, without first obtaining special permission from the government of 
Mexico. 

Having made his locations, he presents a petition to the mining agent of 
the district in which they are situated, asking that they be adjudged to him 
in accordance with the provisions of the law. The fees for registry, publi- 
cation, stamps, etc., should not exceed $12, but are generally thrice thfs 
amount, the official schedule being adjusted to suit the climate. If the pe- 
tition is admitted, as it usually is upon payment of the fees, it Is regularly 
filed for registry, and within three days thereafter an order of survey is 
issued. 

Theoretically, any competent engineer can be selected to make the sur- 
vey, but as the question of competency may cause complications, it is bet- 
ter to accept the party recommended by the district agent. When the sur- 
vey is returned the agent makes an extract from the registry and causes 
it to be published in the ofiicial paper of the state, citing adverse claimants 
to appear and show cause, as in the case of United States patents. 

At the end of four months it is the duty of the agent to forward to the 
federal department of public works a transcript of all proceedings, and if 
these are found to be regular, and the stamp duty of $10 for each claim 
is forthcoming, a title is issued. 

The cost of surveying is generally $15 for each claim, when there are 
many, the minimum cost of a survey being $100, but this expense is af- 
fected by distance and other variable conditions. . 

The only limitations to the absolute ownership of mines is an obligation 
to pay an annual tax to the federal government of $10 per annum on each 
claim, payable every four months. If this is not paid promptly, a maxi- 
mum extension of three months is granted on payment of fines of 25, 50 
and 100 per cent, additional for each month respectively, and a complete 
failure is held to be ati abandonment of the property, which then reverts to 
the public domain. 

The state government collects a maximum tax of 2 per cent, on the 
gross product of mines (which can be avoided by letting them lie idle), 
and $6 per $1,000 on the assessed value of improvements. The assessment 
is made by an oflScial expert appointed for each district, and is usually 
very fair to mine owners. 

The Hon. G. A. Avery, mayor of Nogales, is also one of its pioneer 
merchants, having erected the first building of any importance on the west 
side of the railroad track. He is engaged in the furniture business, but 
finds time to devote to public affairs. He was on the board of county 
supervisors four years, and for over three years a member of the Nogales 
city council. We are indebted to him for the following valuable information 
respecting the Line City: 

He estimates the population of American Nogales at 
Nogales in 2,000, and the Mexican side has about an equal number. 

^ . About twenty new and modern buildings have been 

Brief. erected during the past year, and an equal number across 

the line. The Mexicans appear indisposed to let us beat 
them in progressiveness, and frequently set the pace. The advantages of 
Nogales as a summer resort are beginning to be appreciated by the people 
living on the lowlands of Sonora, where the summer heat is almost unbear- 
able, and many of the best families of Hermosillo and Guaymas intend to 
erect residences here as places of refuge. There is no question but that a 
fine, commodious hotel erected in the vicinity of Nogales would be liberally 
patronized by the Sonorenses, and as the guests would all be in good cir- 
cumstances, the enterprise would pay. 

The city has spent on the streets, during the year, about $3,500, and ex- 
tensive grading is still in progress. 



146 Trenaure Land. 

The volunteer fire department is well equipped -with a bigli-pressurc 
engine, costing $1,500, and a good hose reel. 

The city tax is 5 mills only, and there is no bonded or other indebt- 
edness. 

It is one of the most peaceful settlements in the country, the police 
force consisting of a city marshal and one assistant, and these have very 
little to do. 

The relations between the municipal bodies of both cities are extremely 
cordial, the Mexicans promptly adopting every one of our ordinances de- 
signed to maintain order or promote the v\-elfare of the municipality. 

The peace officers of both cities appear to have a private understanding 
l)etween them, and when an offender seeks immunity from arrest on the 
other side of the line, he is quickly pushed back across the street within 
easy reaching distance. 

There are neither paupers nor tramps, and every industrious man read- 
ily finds a reward for his exertions. 

The city contemplates the erection of a fine city hall and engine house, 
and a new opera house will probably be opened in the lower portion of the 
new Masonic Temple. 

The business outlook is very encouraging, and business has more than 
doubled in volume since the commencement of the year. The mining activ- 
ity in the state of Sonora, Mexico, is almost incredible, and there are several 
fine properties being operated in the vicinity of Nogales. 

Business is generally done on a cash basis, and credit is seldom solicited. 

The titles to city property have heretofore been uncertain, owing to 
the cloud cast upon them by the alleged Nogales Land Grant, but now that 
this has been set aside by our courts, a patent to the townsite will be given 
by the government and ownership confirmed. 

Nogales has an excellent telephone system, electric light and water 
works and ice plant. 

The water company is now making improvements in its service that 
will enable it to furnish an abundant supply of pure water at a high pres- 
sure. 

A sewerage system is also contemplated, but there is no immediate 
necessity for this, as our natural drainage is almost perfect. 

Our principal fuel is wood, procured in the neighborhood, and consists 
of oak, mesquite. walnut and cedar. It is delivered in the city at the rate 
of $2.75 per cord. 

All business is transacted on the basis of the Mexican dollar, which 
passes current among us in small amounts at the rate of 50 cents, or two 
for one of ours. This gives our merchants considerable trouble, as the rate 
of exchange varies, but it would be impossible for them to do business on 
any other basis. 

Nogales Lodge No. 11, F. and A. M., has an active mem- 

^snHptipsi jind bership of about fifty, and meets the third Saturday of 

ouciciic> duu p.^^^^ month. The present officers are: J. Dessart, W. 

Churches. m.; Chas. Montague, secretary, and W. N. Cummings, 

treasurer. 

The Masonic Association of Nogales is an organization in charge of the 
erection of the new Masonic Temple, which, though now in use, will not be 
dedicated until the 17th of September, 1897. The officers are: J. Dessart, 
president; Geo. Montague, secretary, and W. N. Cummings, treasurer. 

Nogales Lodge No. 2, A. 0. V. W., has been established only eighteen 
months, and has now a membership of about fifty. It meets every Friday 
evening, and the officers are: F. J. Duffy, M. W.; S. M. Aguirre, recorder, 
and F. M. King, financiei". 

Nogales Lodge No. IS, K. of P.. meets the first and third Tuesdays of 
each month, and has an active membership of seventy-five. The officers are: 



Nogules, the Line Citij. 



147 



A. A. Doherty, C. C; T. F. Broderick, V. C; Eb. Williams, K. of R. and 
S., and J. B. Mix, M. of E. 

Nogales Lodge No. 9, I. 0. 0. F., meets every Thursday and has a mem- 
bership of thirty-eight. The officers are: R. H. Clark, N. G.; Eb. Williams, 
secretary, and J. Dessart, treasurer, 

Manzanita Lodge No 6, 0. of Rebecca, has a membership of twenty-seven, 
and is becoming very popular. The officers are: Jane Williams, D. D. G. 
M.; Amy Pierson, N. G.; Prudence Cummings, V. G.; Emma Walker, sec- 
retary, and Clara Holler, treasurer. 

The Spanish-American Alliance is represented by Lodge No. 6, organized 
May 16, 1897. It has a membership of fifty, and the present officers are: 
R. A. Moreno, president; Ygn. Escalada, V. P.; Jiian Franco, secretary, and 
F. A. Moreno, treasurer. 

We heard of a Lodge of Good Templars, but could not find any one who 
was willing to acknowledge an active mtrabership. 

There are three churches in Nogales, and we are indebted to the pas- 
tors of two for the infoi'mation given below. 

The Catholic Church, a modest but comfortable building, is well patron- 
ized, notwithstanding the fact that there is a church of the same faith 
on the other side of the line. 




1. r. K Hi.i.l.rick. .\[arshal. 2. ('apt. J. .1. Nuon, Couiiciluiaii. :i F. J. Duffy, Justice of Peace. 

4. (i. A. Avery. Mayor. ."i. S. M. Atfuirre. Chief Customs Clerk. 

ft. .J. T, Krickwood, (uuucilnKui. 7. H. K. Chenowetli, Collector of ('ustoms. 




1. U. S. Custom House. 2. Methodist Cliurcli, 3, Masonic Temple. 

4. Public Scliool. ."). Consreifiitional Chnrch. 



Nog ales, the Line City. 



149 



The Methodist Episcopal Church (South) entered this field about ten years 
ago by establishing a school, which has since developed into the Nogales 
seminary, with an enrollment of 180 pupils. A church building of fair 
proportions was erected later and has had a successful career. The con- 
gregation averages forty, and regular services are maintained throughout 
the year. The Sunday school is well attended, and the pastor. Rev. S. V. 
Dilley, is hopeful of the future. 

There is a Mexican branch of this denomination, in charge of Rev. E. 
Quinones, with a membership of sixty. The services are conducted in a 
separate building and in the Spanish language. 

Trinity Congregational Church was establisJied in 1887, and has an aver- 
age attendance of thirty-five. Regular services are held throughout the 
year. There is a Sunday school in connection with the church, with an 
average attendance of twenty-five, and the auxiliary bodies are well repre- 
sented by the Christian Endeavor society, the Y. P. S. C. E., and Ladies' 
mission. The present pastor, Rev. .T. H. Heald, has been in chai-ge five 
years, and notes a marked improvement in the moral tone of the community. 
In addition to local work, he visits Calabasas and Crittenden. The church 
building is substantial, and attached to it is a comfortable parsonage, a gift 
from the former pastor, Rev. R. T. Listen. 




Kesiuences: 1. Mexican Consul. 2. L. \V. Mix. 3. F. Herrera. 

4. J. Dessart. 5. W, X. Cummings, 




]. humlM-1 \,inl, R<>.\\ liU-oiul). li. Theo. Gobler. :;. F. M. Kii 

5. Cheooweth >Sc Mix Drug Store. (5. Office Wells, Fargo \ Co. 



1 Fl.'cliir hulil A I'. Co. 
Oiiiceb Koy ic Titcomb. 



Nogales, the Line City. 151 

Dr. A. A. Doherty, the pioneer dentist of this section, 
The Public ^^ ^^^^ ^ school trustee, and to him we are indebted for 

the following information respecting the public schools 
School. of Nogales. 

Three trustees are elected, as elsewhere in Arizona, 
and the present board consists of H. K. Chenoweth, J. B. Mix and A. A. 
Doherty. 

The school building, situated in an elevated part of the city, is a 
substantial edifice, furnished with all modern appliances, including im- 
proved seating arrangements and a library. There are three class rooms in 
charge respectively of Prof. T. F. Grindell, principal, and the Misses 
Theo. Sprecher and Ada EKey, lirst and second assistants. The num- 
ber of children in the district of school age is 432, but owing to lack of 
accommodation the attendance is not as large as it should be. The term 
is generally of nine months' duration, and during this period every seat 
is filled. 

Dr. Doherty is a close observer and pins his faith to the Line City. 
It has a good tributary country and the trade with Mexico is increasing 
steadily. Speaking of the effect of the wonderful climate he instanced 
a Mexican couple residing in Nogales who have twenty-seven children all 
living, which is the largest crop recorded up to date. 

We ai-e indebted to Mr. A. J. Griswold, clerk of the 

city council, for valuable information on many matters. 

Fire Risk ^^' Griswold is an expert accountant and insurance 

' agent and was formerly agent here for Wells, Fargo 

& Co. He informs us that there have been only two 
fires in Nogales in six years, and these were purely accidental, hence the 
rate of insurance is low, not exceeding 1 per cent. The buildings now 
being erected are all of brick or stone and consequently nearly fire proof. 

There are two newspapers published in Nogales, both 

of them in the English language and issued weekly. 
„ The Oasis Avas originally started by its present edi- 

INeWSpaperS. ^^^ ^nd proprietor, Mr. Allen T. Bird, at Arizola, a 

boom town near Casa Grande, on the Southern Pacific 

railroad, sixty miles west of Tucson. When the boom 
collapsed, Mr. Bird moved his outfit to Benson, forty-five miles east of 
Tucson, but after trying to infuse vitality into the place for a short time, 
located permanently in Nogales. He gives the public a newsy sheet 
with a neat typographical appearance. 

The Vidette originated in Nogales in 1894, the editor being the late 
Harry M. Wood, an old newspaper man from Tombstone. He was suc- 
ceeded by Frank M. King, the present proprietor, who was followed by 
the late George Webb. Mr. King resumed charge on March 15, 1897, 
and has made it one of the brightest papers in Arizona. It has twenty- 
four columns of matter, printed on fine book-paper, and presents a neat 
typographical appearance. No boiler plate defaces its pages and its 
articles are always well written and entertaining. It is a favorite ad- 
vertising medium and has a large local patronage. 

Both these journals do credit to the town and deserve general support. 

Nogales is a virgin field for industrial enterprises, and 

Opportunities ^^^ time is not far distant when it will be necessary to 

, establish manufactories at this point to supply the in- 

^"^ creasing needs of northwestern Mexico. In addition to 

Enterprise. the great saving in freight, intelligent labor is cheaper 

here than in any part of the United States, and the 
opening up of the Sonoia coal fields will furnish abundant fuel at low 
cost. Beef cattle, now exported by the thousand to the East, should be 
converted into canned meats on the spot, the hog-raising industry could 



152 



Treaaiive Land. 



be stimulated aud lard, soap and candles manufactured here. All these 
products are imported by the carload to supply the demands of Sonora. 
A flour mill located at Calabasas would be profitable, and a good-sized 
brewery would be kept in active operation. 

There is an excellent opening for a good national bank with a capital 
of, say, $50,000. After it secured the confidence of the people it would 
become the depository for the surplus wealth of Sonora, which is con- 
siderable. At present there is no bank of deposit at Nogales of any im- 
portance, the exchange business being generally transacted by leading 
merchants and one or two money brokers. 

As the town can only grow down the valley, real estate speculators 
might find it profitable to control available building sites in that direc- 
tion; some of these are admirably situated and control valuable water 
supplies. A few years hence it will cost thousands of dollars to accom- 
plish what can be done now with a few hundreds. 

On the whole, the writer feels that next to Tucson, Nogales presents 
more and better opportunities tliau any town in the West. 




Another 
Opportunity. 



Captain Noon's Orchard. 

It has been said of some of our old pioneers that the 
only way they can terminate their existence is to try 
to live back East or commit suicide. Capt. J. J. Noon, 
chairman of the finance committee of the town council, 
is touching his seventieth year and is hale and hearty 
aud more enterprising, perhaps, than many a youth of thirty. He landed 
in California in 1850 and experienced the usual vicissitudes during the 
years he mined in the Golden state, Nevada, Utah, Idaho and Arizona. 
He was the original discoverer of the famous St. Patrick mine in the 
Pajaritos mountains, which he sold for $20,000, and out of which the 
purchasers netted $150,000 the first sixty days. 

He settled in Nogales about nine years ago and took up eighty acres 
on the north side of the city. Part of this is subdivided and known as 
Noon's addition. Of the balance, he planted eight acres in fruit trees, 
which are now in full bearing, and form a beauty spot in the scenery. 
The pressure of the city is bearing down upon the captain's reserve of 
fifty acres, including the orchard, and he will be compelled to enlarge 
Noon's addition by the the addition to it of the balance of his property. 
It is the finest residence site in the city, conveniently located, easily 
graded and with a fine quarry of excellent building stone on one side 



Nogales, the Line City. 153 

that will supply enough material to cover the whole acreage with build- 
ings. If we had the money we would try to buy the captain out and 
double our money in two years from half the property. 

. Some years ago, the correspondent of an Eastern journal 

"■ discovered a man in an Arizona town who filled every 

Disappointed office it was entitled to, and wrote the matter up as an 

jy, extraordinary circumstance. He failed, however, to draw 

^^^"' the obvious moral that if one person was able to fill all 

the offices, there could be little to do in any of them. This concentration of 

responsibility is really a very common occurrence in Arizona, and even in 

a town like Nogales we find that Mr. T. F. Broderick is able to be city 

marshal, deputy sheriff, deputy United States marshal and constable, and 

still has time to attend to his own business. 

He notes that there has been no serious infringement of the law in four 
years, the principal cases being misdemeanors. The lower class Mexicans 
across the line sometimes imbibe too freely of bad mescal and tumble out 
of their own country into ours. If they are caught before they lurch back 
again they become Mr. Broderick's prey and swell the annals of crime. If 
it were not for occasional accidents of this kind, time would hang so heavily 
on his hands that he would be compelled to run for some more offices. 

He has only been in Arizona a few years and is disappointed in it. He 
feels that he had a right to expect more occupation, and suggests the ad- 
visability of importing a few desperadoes from the East, in order to give 
our peace officers some decent entertainment. 

The upper portion of the Santa Cruz valley is admirably 
A New adapted to the raising of a fine grade of tobacco, and the 

farmers will now give their attention to this product, in 
Industry. view of the establishment at Nogales of a cigar and 

cigarette factory. It is only within the last month that 
Fleischer & Varona began the manufacture of Mexican cigars from the best 
grades of Vera Cruz tobacco, and the brand of "Las Dos Naciones" is al- 
ready widely known. Mr. Varona was originally with Kohlberg Bros., of 
El Paso, whose "International" brand of Mexican cigars is known all over 
the country, and to his skill must be attributed the reputation they have 
made. The climatic conditions at Nogales are more favorable to the manu- 
facture, and the Dos Naciones brand will take precedence of all others as 
soon as its merits become known to smokers. None but the finest grades of 
Vera Cruz tobacco are used, and the cigars have all the best qualities of the 
imported article, in addition to an elegance of appearance that adds to their 
value in the eyes of connoisseurs. The adaptability of the local tobacco to 
the manufacture of cigarettes has been proven, and as soon as a sufficient 
quantity is supplied, it will be used for a line of cigarettes that will com- 
pete successfully with the Eastern article. Fleischer & Varona at present 
employ twenty hands, but this number will be doubled next month. The 
success of their entei'prise has been beyond their expectations, and the I'epu- 
tation of their factory has outrun their ability to keep up with the demand. 
Some years ago the writer visited the principal Eastern 
manufacturers in the interest of an enterprise designed 
No Trouble to develop our trade relations with Mexico, and found 

^1 2Y[ that the custom house was the bug-bear of commerce. 

Since then custom house brokerage has been recog- 
nized as a profession on both sides of the line, and those 
who engage in it have to be both competent and responsible. The entry 
of merchandise into Mexico is to-day attended with less difficulty than 
entries into the United States. For the Mexican side there are a number 
of skilled brokers, but the recognized broker in American Nogales is 
.Tudge Frank M. Duffy, to whom the principal business men confide 
their business. 



154 Treasure Land. 

Amoug the many pleasant people we met in Nogales was Mr. W. N. 
Cummings, the real estate and money broker. He is in close touch with 
the pulsations of business and prominent and active in all that tends 
to promote the welfare of the community. He is a charter member of 
Nogales Lodge, I. O. O. F., and as a member of the Masonic fraternity 
has been instrumental in crowning the local lodge with the undying 
honor of being the first in Arizona to build its own 
T+ jg temple. He came to Nogales eleven years ago and in- 

vested heavily in real estate. At the present time all 
No Boom. his houses are filled with good tenants and he could 

rent twenty-five more if he had them. Many new build- 
ings are in course of erection on both sides of the line, but the demand 
always exceeds the supply. A better class of people is being added 
to our population and the future of the city looks flattering. 

He is very much interested in the cause of higher education and be- 
lieves that if a good commercial college were established here it would 
be well patronized by the youth of Sonora, who are now sent to the 
Eastern states and Europe. 

While the Building and Loan Association of Nogales has been of 
some assistance in building up the town, it is not so well patronized as 
it should be, the monthly income not exceeding $600, which means per- 
haps four buildings a year. 

Mr. Geo. W. Atkinson was one of the original settlers at 
Four Tons Calabasas, near Nogales, reaching there in 1879. He has 

a fine farm and cattle range and was, until lately, asso- 
tO the Acre. elated with L. Zeckendorf & Co. in their extensive cattle- 

dealing operations. He was the pioneer potato cultivator 
of Arizona, and instances a crop of 8,000 pounds to the acre raised in the 
Santa Cruz valley and marketed chiefly in Tucson. George tells an excellent 
story about himself that is worth repeating: In the early part of January, 
„.. _, . 1879, he called at Pete Kitchen's ranch, five miles north 

nit IWlCe Qf Nogales, and not finding Pete there, left a note and 

in the started to return to Calabasas. While yet in sight of the 

^ ^ . ranch he was halted by five Mexican robbers, w^ho re- 

oame opoi. lieved him of all his valuables and surplus clothing. 

Tlien they led him off the road and kept him prisoner until it was dark. 
When released he made direct for his I'anoh at Calabasas, and found there 
a party on the way to Sonora with a large amount of money, who, after 
liearing the story of his adventure, decided to give up their journey and 
return home. Atkinson was very much disgusted with his adventure, and, 
as the nearest supply point then was Tucson, he proceeded thither to secure 
a new outfit of clothing and a gun with which to defend himself if again 
attacked. A few weeks after his return, while w^orking about his house, 
he saw five Mexicans approaching, and sent his man with the gun to in- 
vestigate them. They eluded the messenger, however, and pounced upon 
George just as he recognized them as the same bandits that had robbed 
him. The man was surprised in a similar manner and led off out of sight. 
After compelling him to cook them a good dinner, they expressed great 
pleasure at meeting him again, and suggested that he contribute at least 
.$500 to the common fund. When he declared that his resources did not 
exceed $30 they appeared incredulous and insisted upon putting a noose 
about his neck and hauling him up to a beam several times. As this game 
of neck-stretching failed to produce the desired result, they accepted the $30 
and whatever else was convenient and useful to them, and left. For a long 
time after this visitors to the Atkinson ranch had to bring strong letters of 
reconmiendation or go somewhere else. 



Nogales, the Line Citi/. 



155 



The Hon. John T. Brickwood claims to be the youngest 
The YoUDCest living man who voluntarily came to Arizona and re- 
mained here permanently. As this challenge excludes 
Pioneer. people who were born 'here, we award him the medal 

for being the youngest pioneer. He first landed here 
in 1867, and after mining and storekeeping in different parts of the ter- 
ritory settled in Nogales in 1882. The future city was then nothing but 
a line of tents along the flat, and the only storekeepers were Isaacson, 
Elliott and Downer and D. Snyder. He began business just south of 
the present site of the Montezuma hotel, opposite the old railroad depot. 
A couple of years later he built his present place of business around the 
international monument, and the south line of the building coincides with 
the boundary line between the United States and Mexico. In order to 
accommodate the monument an angle was made in the wall. 

Mr. Brickwood's record as a public-spirited citizen is proclaimed 
in the fact that he is now serving his second term as a member of the 
<ity council. 




Beating the Customs. 



One of the economical results of building right on the 
Beating the ^^^^ ^^ shown in his arrangement for supplying his cus- 

tomers with Mexican cigars without paying tribute to 
Customs. Uncle Sam. As anything beyond the line of his wall 

is in Mexico, including, perhaps, the paint, when a 
customer desires a foreign weed, he just steps outside into the next 
country and opens a case attached to the wall, the customer following 
and placing at least one foot over the door step, and the international 
difficulty is adjusted. An accompanying illustration shows how the trick 
is done, and this is the only spot in the world where it is possible to do it. 



156 Treasure Land. 

In Nogales we grasped the hand of the only living 
Thp ^i\\p active participant in the historical events which took 

luc ouic ^jj^^g jj^ g^j^ Francisco in 1856. Mr. Theo. Gebler, the 

Survivor. pioneer hardware merchant of Nogales, was a member 

of company 26 at the time the Vigilance Com- 
mittee passed upon the cases of Cory, Casey, Helherington and Bliss, and 
often stood guard before Judge Terry's door. He is also, so far as he 
Icnows, the only living eye-witness of the celebrated duel between the 
Judge and Senator Broderick. Though years have whitened his head he 
has never lost his pioneering instincts, and cast in his lot with the founders 
of the Line City twelve years ago. He has been a member of the counci] 
since the town's incorporation, and is always as foremost in public spirit 
as he is in business enterprise. He is assisted in his business by his 
son, Oscar, who bids fair to follow in his father's footsteps and maintain 
in eternal green the honored name he bears. 

_ ^ , While on the subject of commerce, we take pleasure in 

1 ne SOUtnern presenting the reader with the following brief summary 

Pacific of the consensus of opinion of the merchants of Nogales 

P respecting the transfer of the ownership of the Sonora 

LOmpany. railway. While some held views contrary to those here 

expressed, the majority agreed with them, and even the objectors conceded 

that they were probably correct: 

The Southern Pacific company has unlimited resources, is controlled by 
able men, and while its policy may be selfish, its service is generally effi- 
cient. Every department of the road will be improved or renovated, to the 
advantage of travelers and shippers; it will become an integral part of a 
great continental system, with proportional rates of freights and fares, and 
cease to conduct a predatory warfare against foreign lines. Of course the 
Southern Pacific company may bring some pressure to bear on our mer- 
chants to force them into the markets it controls, but the question of mar- 
ket is not material if other things are equal. The merchant is most inter- 
ested in the volume of his trade and the profit in it. It is probable that 
our merchants will be restricted to certain territory and will not be per- 
mitted to ship to Tucson or Yuma, but, on the other hand, they will be 
maintained in their own domain against all competition. We do not be- 
lieve that the Southern Pacific company will make Guaymas a distributius 
point, for the reason that it is not to their interest to do so. There is nu 
doubt a line of steamers will be put on to handle the coffee trade of Cen- 
tral America through Guaymas, and the tea trade of the Orient, but these 
are transcontinental matters and do not directly affect us. The shops will 
certainly be removed from Guaymas to this point, as this is an econom- 
ical necessity. If the Sonora coal fields are as good as represented, tho 
Southern Pacific company will take an active interest in their development, 
and this consideration opens up a pleasant vista of manufacturing possibil- 
ities. 

On the whole, we see in the change nothing to decrease the present 
growing trade with Sonora, and much to encourage us to hope for a brighter 
future for it. 

Nogales is responsible for company "G," N. G. of Ari- 
jua zona, which we hope will never be called upon to dis- 

tinguish itself in any international conflict. The boys 
Militia. have fairly mastered the tactics and manual-at-arms. 

We saw them salute the flag on the Fourth of July, 
and they made a martial noise that must have been exhilarating to 
old soldiers. We afterwards saw them attack the refreshments provided 
for them at the custom house, and the charge they made was frightful 
to behold, and thoroughly demoralized the enemy. The officers are: Will 
EKey, captain; Rich. Fleischer, first lieutenant; T. F, Broderick, first 
sergeant 



Nogales, the Line City. 



157 







^tet^-^fe^ "^^^S5i^/ '^^ 





Departments, Stoee of J. Pasoholy Cumpanv. 



They Set the 
Pace, 



In order to succeed in the Southwest a man must have 
fertility of resource and indefatigable energy, so that if 
one assault at fortune fails, another is attempted, and so 
on until the citadel is won. 

A fair sample of the right material is Mr. Jos. Pascholy, 
the merchant prince of Nogales, who laughingly boasts 
that he has been "broke" half a dozen times. He was one of the pioneer 
business men of Tombstone and stayed with the old camp until hope was 
gone. In 1891 he came to Nogales with a large capital of energy and a 
limited supply of cash. His credit was good, however, and true to his 
character he began on top, and overcoming odds that would have appalled 
another man, not only stayed there but set the pace for others. 

The large department store of the Jos. Pascholy Company is the most 
imposing block in town, 50x155 feet, and a dozen men are employed. Their 
importations exceed six carloads a month, and the wholesale trade with 
Sonora is almost half of all that is transacted from Nogales. The firm has 
exclusive control of several important mining camps in Sonora. 

Judge Taylor, the office manager of the firm, is also an old Tombstone 
business man, who adds a long Western experience to a strong natural 
ability. 

The accompanying illustrations showing the Pascholy establishment 
speak plainer than words of the enterprise of the firm. 



Oratory. 



The days of oratory are supposed by many to have passed 
away, but a good, rattling speech, full of point and music, 
is still appreciated, and the race of orators has not been 
extinguished, but merely reduced in numbers. "We require 
that if a speaker has aught to say, he shall speak with 
precision and brevity, and this has driven long-winded 
orators out of the business. 

Judge Eb. Williams, of Nogales, has achieved fame as an orator by not 
striving for it. We are indebted to him for valuable information respecting 
the fraternal organizations of Nogales, as well as for much courteous atten- 
tion. His reputation as an able speaker in both English and Spanish has 
long been known to us, and a personal acquaintance Impressed us with his 
real merit. He has been fifteen years in Arizona and always active in 
public duties. 



158 



Treasure Land. 




Hotel Garden. 



The Monte/uma Hotel. 



Elsewhere in this volume we give some reminiscenses ob- 
tained from Col. Bob. Williams, the proprietor of the 
Montezuma hotel, Nogales. 
Fair and Good, After Pinal was abandoned Bob moved to Florence, 

and opened a hotel, which he ran successfully for five 
years. "When he was burnt out he looked for another 
location, finding it in Nogales. 

The Montezuma is a three-story stone building of imposing appearance, 
with forty-five rooms elegantly furnished and well-ventilated. It faces the 
city park, with another park of its own in the rear, and is lighted with 
electricity. There is a neat parlor and two sample rooms, and in connection 
with the hotel, but separated from it, is the best restaurant in Nogales. 

Bob is a typical Arizonian, generous to a fault with his friends,* but 
strong in his antipathy to anything mean. None but people of the best 
class are permitted to become his guests and these invariably become his 
friends. He has a faithful and efficient coadjutor in his estimable wife, and 
the visitors at the Montezuma are always assured of fair treatment and 
good company. 

This hotel is the only first class hostelry in the city, although furnished 
rooms can be obtained at reasonable rates. There are a number of good 
restaurants and prices are generally low. In the winter months the tables 
are well supplied with oysters and fresh fish from the bay of Guaymas. 

The quality of the air in this region is illustrated by the 
fact that in operating the long-distance telephone between 
A Skilled Nogales and Duquesne, a distance of twenty miles, the 

Electrician slightest whisper can be heard. 

The construction of this line is the work of Mr. W. B. 
Welton, who is a skilled electrician, located at Nogales. 
He finds abundant occupation in Sonora, Mexico, whose people are prompt 
to avail themselves of the latest scientific discoveries. The use of the electric 
light in mining operations is growing in favor, and at present Mr. Welton 
it setting up a plant for a mining company near Arispe, and this class of 
work will engage a great deal of his attention in the future. 




Onk/Vs Leap 



/\M INDI/XM LIX.KNI) 
inirvwww or Till: 

5ANTA CAIALIM/VS. 



A few miles from Tucson, at the poiut of the Santa Catalina mountains, 
rises a jagged peak, which some convulsion of nature has rent from tlie 
parent range; and upon a narrow ridge running from the base of this 
peak are the ruins of an ancient settlement of the primitive race. Below 
the ruins, at the distance of a mile, the ridge terminates in a clifC, which 
rises sheer 100 feet or more from the rocky bottom of a gulch. This 
cliff is known as Onka's Leap, and the following is the origin of the 
name, as told by the Pima sages: 

It was a fearful night; black darkness overspread the land; the mut- 
tering thunder and the vengeful lightning shook the murky air, but the 
mad frenzy of the elements was soft repose compared witli the tempest 
of angry and vengeful passions that tore the soul of a lonely old vc-koi 
(grandmother) who sat amid the ruins of what had lately been the happy 
homes of her kindred. 

"Why," she cried, as she beat her shriveled breast and tore out big 
liandsful of her scraggy hair, "why strikes not the great Tas (sun god) 
their savage hearts! Surely the dark Hmik (night demon) is awake this 
cursed night! Alas, not one of my people have they spared! Why am 
I left if not that I may throw curses at the backs of the murderers!" 

Even while she cursed until the weary breath rattled in her throat, 
a heavy hand fell upon her shoulder, and a hoarse voice roared in her 
ear, "Ve-koi!" 

She turned, and b.y the lightning's lurid glare recognized the leader 
of the band whose hands were red with the blood of her people. 

"Yes, yes!" she shrieked, "I have cursed ye till my voice is choked! 
Now take my worthless life as you have taken theirs, and let my spirit 
be with them. Onka is ready!" and she lowered her head for the ex- 
pected blow. 

"Peace!" yelled the savage, "we seek not your miserable life, but 
to preserve our own. Live to tell the miserable aka-ma-lootum (river men) 
of our hate and vengeance. We are in haste to reach our homes beyond 
the great Ea-cut (Superstition mountains), and can not find the trail out 
of these cursed hills. The Ve-koi will show us the path!" 

"Conduct you to safety that you may desolate other homes? Never!" 
Then as the sinewy hand of the savage grasped her throat, another thought 
came to her, and she said, "I will go." 

Among the boulders and hummocks Onka led the ghostly proces- 
sion, while the thunder pealed and the lightning crashed among the 
peaks, and the torrents came hurtling down the mountain side. For a 
space she proceeded with hurried gait, then paused under a sturdy oak 



160 Treasure Land. 

whose arms waved like reeds under the influence of the storm. She 
appeared to reflect as to what direction to take, and while she hesitated, 
there came a lull in the storm which only intensified the darkness. 

If the savages could have seen her face as she started off again their 
suspicions would have been aroused by the smile that overspread her 
features and the exulting glitter of her eyes. But the darkness was so 
intense that they saw nothing and struggled along behind her in single 
file, their eyes blinded by the pelting storm and their ears deafened 
with the roar of the tempest. 

When she approached the edge of the precipice she stopped and cau- 
tiously stepped aside. Her trusting followers moved on, one after the 
other, down into the deep and fatal abyss, whence no wail of despair 
or death rose above the voice of the storm god. 

As her last foe perished, a flash of lightning leapt from the darkness 
and bathed the scone in lurid light. 

OnJca gave a yell of hellish triumph. 

"Not yet, not yet will I leave them! The spirit of Onka shall follow 
to taimt them!" and with a mad leap she followed her victims. 



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